Term
| defense mechanism can be ______ or ______ specific defenses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe non specific defenses |
|
Definition
| first line of defense, defends against all incoming pathogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| foriegn substance to the body |
|
|
Term
| examples of non specific barriers |
|
Definition
mechanical barriers(skin)
Phagocytes or Macrophages(vulture cells)
Inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| marcphages and neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a series of events that limit the effects of injury |
|
|
Term
| The charachteristics of specific defense in the body |
|
Definition
atigen specific
systemic
and memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define memory of antegins |
|
Definition
| remembers antegin for later exposures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leftventrical artieries asterio;es cappilary beds venules veins right atrium of heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the hydrostatic pressure high |
|
Definition
| arteriole end of the capillary bed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of defense mechanism is inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the intention if inflammation |
|
Definition
| to localise and remove the injurious agent |
|
|
Term
| the signs and symptoms of inflammation serve as a __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infection wlawys requires the presence of an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of inflammation without microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation in a infection will subside when |
|
Definition
| the microorganism is removed |
|
|
Term
| what is inflammation a non specific defense too |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fifth not always included sign of inflammtion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disorders that involve inflammation always end in ______ and involve the ______ word of the body part or tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the causes of inflammation |
|
Definition
direct damage(cuts and sprains)
chemicals
Ischemia
Cell necrosis
allergic reactions
foriegn bodys
physical agents (burns)
Infection |
|
|
Term
| the inflammatory process in general is the _______ regardless of the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ of inflammation is dependent on the cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when tissues are injured the _____ cells of the tissues release _____ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eaxamples of chemical mediators |
|
Definition
histamines
serotonin
prostaglandins
leukotienes |
|
|
Term
| Mediators affect _____ ____ and ____ in damaged areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicators in the tissues that send messages to activate the lmyphocytes and the macrophages also the hypothalmus. |
|
|
Term
| what does the hypothamlmus regulate in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes vessels to get larger an capillary permibiality to increase |
|
|
Term
| leukotrienes and prostoglandins do what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why aren't leukotrienes and prostoglandins immediately available |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens immediately upon injury |
|
Definition
| nerve reflexes cause immediate and transient vasconstriction |
|
|
Term
| why does vasoconstriction occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens second in an injury |
|
Definition
| damaged cells release chemical mediators which cause vasodilation and capillary permiabilty |
|
|
Term
| the protections after injury |
|
Definition
1 blood clots
2 plasma protiens (globulins) move into intersistual space and act as antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| leukocytes are _____ to area of injury by ______ ______ |
|
Definition
| attracted, chemical mediators |
|
|
Term
| the process by which leukocytes are attracted to the injury by chemical mediators is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the neutrophls and later manocytes and macrophages collect along the capillary walls |
|
|
Term
| neutrophils, manocytes and macrophages emigrate out of the capillaries and cosume foriegn substances, cell debris, microorganism by phagocytosis this is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if there is excessive fluid and protien accumalation in the intersitual spaces |
|
Definition
| the blood flow to the area will be greatly reduced |
|
|
Term
| why is decreased blood to an area not good |
|
Definition
| decreases nutrients to undamaged cells and decreases removal of wastes |
|
|
Term
| we have naturally occuring control mechanisms which will release of _____ ____ so _______ is not prolonged |
|
Definition
| chemical mediators, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what causes redness of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes pain in inflammation |
|
Definition
| chemicals , and pressure from swelling on nerves |
|
|
Term
| what causes the heat of inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes the swelling of inflammation |
|
Definition
| increased capillary permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of intersitual fluid forms in an inflamed area |
|
|
Term
| the characteristic of the exudate depends upon the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waatery- lots of fluid- very few white blood cells and protiens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allergic reactions or burns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick sticky high cell content lots of fibrin |
|
|
Term
| what does the precense of fibrous exudate increase the risk of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick yellowish contains lots of white blood cells, cell debris, microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| what does purelant exudate indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a localized pcket of purlent exudent in solid tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains blood usaually only in area when vessels are damaged |
|
|
Term
| general manifestations of inflammation |
|
Definition
fever
malaise
fatigue
headache
anorexia |
|
|
Term
| how is fever beneficial to the body |
|
Definition
| it impairs the growth and reproducionof microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| fever can be high if caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fever is caused by a release of _____ into the blood stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the pyrogens turn on to higher the body temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the body tries to heat itself the body begins to |
|
Definition
shiver
blood vessels vasoconstrict
voluntarily ball the body up to conserve heat |
|
|
Term
| shiver heats the body because |
|
Definition
| the contracting muscles release heat |
|
|
Term
| vasocontriction does what for heating |
|
Definition
| keep the heat inside the body causing the skin to be pale and white |
|
|
Term
| when does the body temperature go back to normal |
|
Definition
| when the microorganism is gone |
|
|
Term
| how does the body return to normal after fever |
|
Definition
| by reversing the vasodiation and shivering |
|
|
Term
| diagnostics test we can do for inflammation |
|
Definition
| look for changes in the blood |
|
|
Term
| what do we look for in the blood |
|
Definition
1. leukocytosis- the number of white bloodcelss immature neutroplists shift to the left
2. Differential count- how many of each type of wbc
3. plasma proteins
4.c-reative proteins
5.incerased esr
6. cell enzymes |
|
|
Term
| what does looking at what types of whiteblood cells tell us |
|
Definition
| whether it is bacterial, viral, or allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
| what plasma protiens do we look for |
|
Definition
| fibrogens and prothrombinwill increase due tot eh liver to synthesis more plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| when do we find C-reactive proteins in the blood |
|
Definition
| with acute inflammation and cell necrosis we would see c-reactive proteins with in 24 - 48 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated plasma protiens increases the rate at which RBC's settle in a sample |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| released from necrotic cells enters tissue fluids adn the blood. |
|
|
Term
| how do cell enzymes tell us the site of inflammation |
|
Definition
| the enzymes are specific to cell type |
|
|
Term
| when the exposure to the cause of inflammation is brief the inflammation will subside in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of tissue nerosis depends upon |
|
Definition
| cause of trauma and the the factors that contribute to inflammation |
|
|
Term
| extensive necrosis can result in |
|
Definition
| ulcers and erodded tissue |
|
|
Term
| microorganisms can more easily penetrate when |
|
Definition
| A MECHANICAL BARRIER IS DAMAGED AND WHEN BLOOD SUPPLY IS IMPAIRED |
|
|
Term
| deep ulcers may develope becasue of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ulcers can lead to ________ of the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| preforation of the viscera can develope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammmation resulting from sprains, tendinitis, fracture can causeskeletaol muscle to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spasms of skeletol muscles can put bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bones out of alignment puts pressure on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define chronic inflammtion |
|
Definition
| when the cause of inflammation is not taken away |
|
|
Term
| can cause chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| charachteristics of chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
| less swelling, less exudates, more lymphocytes and macrophages, more fibroblasts, more tissue destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small mass of cells with nuecrotic centercovered by connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases prostoglandin synthesis at the inflammation site also reduces pain and fever |
|
|
Term
| what is acetylsalicyte acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aspirin may interefer with ___ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces fever and pain does not reduce inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non steriod antiinflammatory drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, reduce the production of prostaglandines |
|
|
Term
| our body naturally makes glucorticoids in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the benefits of glucocorticooids |
|
Definition
| decrese capillary permiability,enhance effects of epinephrine and stablize the vascualr system, reduce the number of leukocytes and mast cells at the injury cite |
|
|
Term
| glucocorticoid can be taking through |
|
Definition
| oral, injection, or inhaler |
|
|
Term
| side effects of glucocorticoids are |
|
Definition
Atrophy of lymphoid tissue so reduced wbc's,
Catabolic effects or tissue break down-decreased protein synthesis or tissue regenertion, delayed healing,delayed growth in children, retention of sodium + water which casue swelling and high blood pressure, body makes less natural glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| people should be slowly weened from glucocorticoids to |
|
Definition
| allow the adrenal cortex time to begin production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rest ice compression and elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vasalcontriction minimises swelling and pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fluid flow away from damaged area |
|
|
Term
| how does compression help inflammation |
|
Definition
| reduces vasoconstriction which reduces blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when there is minimal tissue damage---damaged cells recover |
|
|
