Term
|
Definition
| Air hunger, inability to catch breath, |
|
|
Term
| Normal Breathing Characteristics |
|
Definition
rate 8-16
Vt 600-800 ml
sighs 10-12 per hour |
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|
Term
| What is Kussmaul breathing? |
|
Definition
| deep labored breathing associated with metabolic acidosis, Form of hyperventilation. |
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Term
|
Definition
Tachypnea
Rapid Rate
Reduced Vt |
|
|
Term
| 2 causes of Cheyne- Stokes respirations |
|
Definition
reduced blood flow to the brain stem
neurological problems |
|
|
Term
| Hypoventilation (Paco2 greater than?) |
|
Definition
Inadequate alveolar ventilation
PaCO2 greater than 44 mmHg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alveolar ventilation exceeds metabolic demands
PaCO2 less than 36 mm Hg |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 times when When is hemoptysis seen? |
|
Definition
infection
pulmonary edema
cancer
pulmonary infarction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Blue skin and/or mucus membrane. This occurs with desaturated or not enough hemoglobin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Associated with diseases that interfere with oxygenation |
|
|
Term
| 3 conditions that clubbing is seen with? |
|
Definition
bronchiectasis,
congenital heart disease
lung cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase in volume and change in color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Increased carbon dioxide in arterial blood
Measured by increased PaCO2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood, caused by respiratory alterations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypoventilation
diffusion abnormalities
abnormal V/Q ratios
pulmonary right to left shunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-decreased oxygen in inspired air (high altitude, low O2 content, enclosed breathing space)
-hypoventilation ( lack of neurological stimulation)
-Alveolocapillary Diffusion Problem (emphysema, fibrosis, pulmoary edema)
-V/Q Mismatch (astha, chronic broncitis, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli) |
|
|
Term
| Acute respiratory failure |
|
Definition
inadequate gas exchange
- hypoxemia with PaO2 equal/less than 50mm hg
-PaCo2 equal/greater tahn 50 mm Hg with pH equal/ less than 7.25 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expressive water in lungs |
|
|
Term
| 3 common cause of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
Heart Disease
capillary injury
lymphatic obstruction |
|
|
Term
| 4 manifestations of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
dyspnea
hypoxemia
increased breathing work
Frothy Sputum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three causes of atelectasis |
|
Definition
obesity
post operative complication
endobronchial tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent dilation of the bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of dilation of the bronchi |
|
Definition
Cystic fibrosis
or infectious agents (mycobacterium avium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gas or air in the pleural space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chest Wall trauma
Increased airway pressure leads to rupture of alveoli
Spontaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid in the pleural space |
|
|
Term
| six causes of pleural effusion |
|
Definition
congestive heart failure
Nephrotic syndrome
cirrhosis
infections such as pneumonia
cancer
pulmonary embolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the pleural lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection
inhaled chemicals (ammonia)
Collagen Vascular Disease
Pulmonary embolus
Trauma
Abdominal Problems (pancreatitis) |
|
|
Term
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) |
|
Definition
| severe form of failure with acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolo capillary injury and non cardiac pulmonary edema. |
|
|
Term
| Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
|
Definition
| Airway obstruction that makes it difficult to expire |
|
|
Term
| Three kinds of obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
asthma
chronic bronchitis
Emphysema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic inflammatory disorder of the airway |
|
|
Term
| 4 cell types that play a role in asthma |
|
Definition
Mast cells
T cells
Macrophages
PMN's |
|
|
Term
| What is asthma characterized by |
|
Definition
| Bronchial hyperresponsiveness |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Asthma |
|
Definition
| Allergens trigger mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators. Vasoactive cytokines cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability. Inflammation causes bronchial smooth muscle contraction, vascular congestion, edema and thick mucus. This causes mucocillary function to become impaired and epithelial cells become damaged and airway walls thicken. causing airway hyperresponsiveness and obstruction that if left untreated causes irreversible airway damage. |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic bronchitis? |
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough for at least 3months of the year for 2 consecutive years. |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Bronchitis |
|
Definition
| irritants cause airway inflammation with the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the bronchial wall. Inflammation causes bronchial edema and size/number mucus glands and globlet cells. Thick mucus made and not cleared, compromises lung defense mechanisms and increased risk of infection. airways close during expiration and trap air. V/Q mismatch and hypoxemia occur. |
|
|
Term
| Where does lung airway start, and where does it spread? |
|
Definition
| Large airways, but spreads to smaller airways. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal permanent enlargement of gas exchange airways accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls. Obstruction from changes in lung tissue, not mucus and inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cigarette smoking
Pollution
Childhood infection
Genetic |
|
|
Term
| What happens with primary emphysema |
|
Definition
| Due to inherited deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin. This enzyme inhibits many proteolytic enzymes. Without it, proteolysis of the lung may occur, |
|
|
Term
| People who are susceptible at developing emphysema? |
|
Definition
| Smokers or people with deficiency in alpha 1 antitrypsin. |
|
|
Term
| Pathophysiology of Emphysema |
|
Definition
| Beings with the destruction of alveolar septa-eliminates capillaries and increase volume of air in acinus. Irritants may inhibit antiprotease and induce inflammation which creases protease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protease imbalance may contribute to the disease |
|
|
Term
| Why is expiration difficult in emphysema patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension |
|
Definition
| a mean PAP greater to or equal to 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg with exercise. |
|
|
Term
| Define pulmonary arterial hypertension |
|
Definition
| PAH > 25mmgh at rest or 30mmHg during exervise |
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH |
|
Definition
associated with endometrial dysfunction,
excess vasoconstrictors (thromboxane endothelin)
decreased vasodilators (nitric oxide and prostaglindins)
fibrosis and thickening of vessel wall and luminal narrowing nad abnormal vasconstirction. leaders to resisitance to pulmonary blood flow which increases pulmonary artery pressures. |
|
|
Term
| PAH patients complain of? |
|
Definition
dyspnea
fatigue
palpitations
chest pain |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary vascular disease- pulmonary embolus |
|
Definition
| PE is the occlusion of part of the pulmonary bed by an embolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conditions that promote blood clotting due to venous stasis, hypercoagulability and enothelial injury. (hospitalized patients, post surgery, paralysis) |
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