Term
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Definition
| Cancer arising in epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| arise from or form ductal or glandular structures |
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Definition
| Cancer arising from connective tissues |
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Definition
| cancers of lymphatic tissue |
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Definition
| cancers of blood forming cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin |
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Term
| Characteristics of Benign Tumors |
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Definition
| Grow slowly, have a well defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated - looks like the tissue from which it arose, have low mitotic index, do not metastasize |
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| Characteristics of Malignant Tumors |
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Definition
| Grow Rapidly, not encapsulated, invade local structures and tissues, poorly differentiated, high mitotic index, can spread distantly through blood cells and lymphatics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absence of differentiation. Marked by loss of organization and a marked increase in nuclear size with evidence of ongoing proliferation. Variable size and shape. More anaplastic = more malignant. |
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Term
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Definition
| substances produced by cancer cells that are found either in or on the cancer cells or in the blood, spinal fluid or urine |
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Definition
| Secreted by liver and germ cell tumors |
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| Prostrate Specific Antigen (PSA) |
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Definition
| secreted by prostate tumors |
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Term
| Function of tumor markers |
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Definition
| Can be used to screen and identify individuals at high risk for cancer, to help diagnose the specific type of tumor, follow the clinical course of cancer. Cannot be used as a definitive diagnostic test though because benign tumors may also produce markers. |
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Definition
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Definition
| mutant genes that in their normal state (proto-oncogene)direct synthesis of proteins that positively regulate proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate (ie stop) proliferation |
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Term
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Definition
| A piece of one chromosome is translocated to another chromosome and can activate oncogenes. Translocation may cause excess and inappropriate production of proliferation factor : Burkitt lymphoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration of one or a few nucleotide base pairs. Can change a regulated proto-oncogene to an unregulated oncogene. Found in many cancers |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of translocation that can lead to production of novel proteins with growth promoting properties : CML (leukemia) fuses bcr on chromosome 9 to abl on chromosome 22, promotes growth of myeloid cells. Chemotherapy that targets this mutation has been used successfully. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic inflammation has been recognized for 150 years as being an important factor in the development of cancer. Inflammatory cells release cytokines and growth/survival factors that lead to cell proliferation and blood vessel growth. Ex: Hep C virus often leads to liver cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| A number of viruses have been associated with cancer. Hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, human papillomavirus |
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Term
| Bacterial causes of cancer |
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Definition
| Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (peptic ulcer) is strongly associated with gastric carcinoma |
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Term
| Common sites of metastasis |
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Definition
Lung→multiple organs, brain
Colorectal→Liver, lungs
Testicular →lungs, liver, brain
Prostate→Bones
Ovarian→Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, liver
Sarcoma (extremity)→Lungs
Melanoma→lymphatics, lung, liver, brain, GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
Stage 1: confined to organ of origin
Stage 2: locally invasive
Stage 3: has spread to regional structures (lymphatics)
Stage 4: has spread to distant sites
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Term
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Definition
Induction chemotherapy: seeks to cause shrinkage or disapearance of tumors
Adjuvant chemotherapy: given after surgery to eliminate micrometastases
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy: given prior to localized (surg. or rad.) treatment of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| iodine capsules that are temporarily placed in body cavities, useful in cervical and prostate cancers. |
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Term
| Environmental Risk Factors for Cancer |
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Definition
| Tobacco use, obesity, sun exposure, ionizing radiation, viruses, bacteria, occupational exposures (asbestos), excessive alcohol consumption, poor diet |
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Term
| Compnents of a Cancer-Prevention diet |
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Definition
| Fruits and Veggies, Fiber, Foods containing Vitamin A, C, E, D, Vitamin B6, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Foods containing folate, Spices, whole grains, lycopene, legumes and nuts |
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Term
| Components of Cancer-risk diet |
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Definition
| Fat, High glycemic index carbohydrates, foods with high amounts of preservatives, alcohol, blackened foods, fried foods, high levels of calcium, refined grain products |
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Term
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Definition
2 points of view
1) No dose of radiation considered safe
2) health risks of diagnostic doses are not measurable and may be nonexistent. |
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Term
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Definition
| The progeny of the irradiated cells have an increased rate at which genetic mutations arise |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiation induced genomic instability occurs in the descendant cells of the irradiated cell after several generations of cell division |
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Definition
| embryonic layer that gives rise to connective tissue, blood, blood vessels, kindney and lymphatics. Origin of most childhood cancers. |
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Term
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Definition
2% of all invasive cancers
80% have distant metastases at diagnosis
10-25% more common in white than black children
More common in boys than girls |
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Term
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Definition
| The interaction of many factors to produce cancer |
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Term
Prognosis for Childhood Cancer |
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Definition
| More than 70% are cured. Especially for children under 15. Slower increases in cure rate for those from 15-24. Probably due to greater participation in clinical trials among the younger set. |
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