Term
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Definition
| Highly efficient, local and systemic response to epithelial barrier damage. Mobilized to limit extent of damage, protect against infection, and initiate repair of damaged tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A.K.A Native or Natural. Innate resistance and immunity provided by natural epithelial barrier and inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
A.K.A. Acquired or Specific. Adaptive process that results in long term and very effective immunity. Slow to develop, but has memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical, mechanical and biochemical barriers at the body's surface that are in place at birth to prevent damage by substances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated to protect body from further injury, prevent infection and promote healing. |
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Term
| Overview Of Human Defenses: Innate Immunity Barriers (Table 6-1) |
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Definition
Level of Defense: First Line
Timing: Constant
Specificity: Broad
Cells: Epithelial
Memory: None
Peptides: Defensins, cathelicidins, collectins, lactoferrin, bacterial toxins.
Protection: anatomic barriers (skin, mucous membranes), cells, cytokines, cilliary activity. |
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Term
| Overview of Human Defenses: Inflammatory Response (Table 6-1) |
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Definition
Level of defense: Second line of defense in response to tissue injury or infection
Timing: Immediate
Specificity: Broad
Cells: Mast cells, granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, platelets, endothelial cells.
Peptides: Complement, clotting factors, kinins
Protection: vascular responses, cellular components, activation of plasma protein systems. |
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Term
| Overview of Human Defenses: Adaptive Immunity (Table 6-1) |
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Definition
Level of defense: third line of defense, initiated when innate immune system signals the cells of adaptive immunity.
Timing: delay between primary exposure to antigen and max. response. Immediate against 2nd exposure.
Specificity: Very specific toward antigen.
Cells: T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells.
Memory: Specific immunologic memory by T and B lymphocytes
Peptides: Antibody, complement
Protection: Activated T and B lymphocytes, cytokines, antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
Positively charged polypeptides of 15-95 amino acids. Can be divided into two classes- cathelicidins and defensins. |
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Term
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Definition
linear α-helical shape, only one known to function in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triple stranded β-sheet structures. About 50 have been identified. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced and secreted by the lungs. Provide major protection for respiratory infections |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria that are generally beneficial and colonize many of the body's surfaces. Contribute to our innate protection by producing several chemicals that inhibit colonization by disease causing organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain |
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Term
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Definition
Complement system, clotting system, kinin system |
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Term
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Definition
| May destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with virtually every other component of the inflammatory response. |
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Term
Three pathways in Complement Cascade |
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Definition
Classical Pathway (activated by adaptive immune response)
Lectin Pathway (activated by bacterial carbohydrates)
Alternative Pathway (activated by gram - bacteria and fungal cell wall polysaccharides) |
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Term
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Definition
a biochemical substance that attracts leukocytes to the site of inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insoluble protein that is the end product of the coagulation cascade. Prevents spread of infection, traps microorganisms, forms a clot that stops bleeding, provides a framework for future repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Third plasma protein system that augments inflammation in several ways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary Kinin produced. Causes dilation of blood vessels, acts with prostaglandins to stimulate nerve endings and induce pain, causes smooth muscle cell contraction, increases vascular permeability and may increase leukocyte chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
Cellular bags of granules located in the loose connective tissue close to blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vasoactive amine that causes temporary, rapid constriction of the large vessel walls and dilation of the postcapillary venules, resulting in increased blood flow into the microcirculation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acidic, sulfur-containing lipids that produce smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability and perhaps neutrophil and eosinophil chemostaxis. Important in later stages of the inflammatory reponse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of arachidonic acid and cause increased vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a cell ingests and disposes of damaged cells and foreign material, including microorganisms. |
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Term
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Definition
Adhesion molecules that bind carbohydrate ligands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emigration of cells through the endothelial junctions that have retracted in response to the same mediators. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Opsonization (recognition and adherence)
2) engulfment
3) fusion with lyzosomal granules w/ in phaocyte
4) destruction of the target |
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Term
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Definition
| Predominant phagocyte in early inflammatory response arriving within 6-12 hours of injury |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest normal blood cell, produced in bone marrow and migrate to inflammatory site where they change into macrophages. Second to arrive at inflammatory site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger than monocytes and more phagocytically active. Appear anywhere from 24 hours to 7 days after initial injury. Long term defense. |
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Term
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Definition
| Body's primary defense against parasites, help regulate vascular mediators from mast cells. Only mildly phagocytic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Least prevalent granulocyte in the blood. Very similar to mast cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Main function is recognition and elimination of cells infected with viruses. Somewhat effective in elimination of cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular fragments formed from Megakaryocytes. Circulate in bloodstream until vascular injury occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thick and clotted discharge |
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Term
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Definition
| exudate containing pus and characteristic of walled off lesions (cysts/abcesses) |
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Term
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Definition
| exudate filled with erythrocytes and appears bloody |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for inducing fever, act directly on the hypothalmus that controls the body's thermostat |
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Term
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Definition
| Hallmark of chronic inflammation. The body's attempt to wall off and isolate the infected area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clean up of the lesion which leads to regeneration and repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most important cell during reconstructive phase, synthesize and secrete collagen and other connective tissue proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
Wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss. |
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Term
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Definition
| Healing of an open wound that requires epithelialization, scar formation and contraction, and take longer to heal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins 3-4 days after initial injury and continues for as long as 2 wks. Characterized by fibroblast proliferation, epithelialization and wound contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins several weeks after injury and is usually complete w/ in 2 yrs. Characterized by cellular differentiation, scar formation and scar remodeling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Low blood volume - hinders inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raised scar that extends beyond the original boundaries of the wound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raised scar that remains within the original boundaries of the wound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive wound contraction as may happen with a burn. |
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Term
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Definition
Wound pulls apart at the suture line. Obesity increases the risk of occurence. |
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Term
Neonatal Issues in Immunity |
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Definition
| Transiently depressed immune and inflammatory function. Partially deficient in complement. May be deficient in some collectins. |
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Term
Issues in Immunity for Older Adults |
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Definition
| Impaired healing may be linked to chronic disease. Medication, such as anti-inflammatory steroids may interfere with natural processes. Dimished natural ability to ward off infections. |
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