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when the body maintains a dynamic, steady state of internal balance; when homeostasis is disrupted by an external stressor (injury, lack of nutrients, invasion by parasite, etc.) illness may occur.
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| part of the brain stem associated with vital functions (respiration, circulation, gag reflex, body temp, and other essentials to life) |
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regulates growth, maturation, and reproduction (essential hormones)
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| network of nerve cells and fibers in the brain stem and spinal cord that help control vital reflexes (cardiovascular function and respiration) |
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moves the body further away from homeostasis
ex. labor (muscle contraction is not normal homeostatic state bud during labor muscle contraction is necessary) |
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works to restore homeostasis
ex. increased insulin production in response to hyperglycemia |
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occurs when homeostasis is not maintained; doesn't mean you are always ill
ex. coronary artery disease, asthma, hypertension |
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occurs when a person is no longer in a state of "normal health"
ex. subjective symptoms that may indicate the presence of disease |
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a disease's development; most progress according to a typical patter of symptoms
self-limiting: require little intervention or treatment
chronic: require constant attention to maintain long periods of remission |
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| 1st stage of disease; target tissue is exposed/injured |
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| 2nd stage of disease; no signs or symptoms are evident; might not feel good but nothing is necessarily wrong |
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| 3rd stage of disease; signs and symptoms are mild and non-specific; important to start testing for the obvious and rule things out |
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| 4th stage of disease; disease reaches its full intensity, patient is not always incapacitated; elderly people, infants, people with disease or illness are more susceptible |
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| 5th stage of disease; no signs are symptoms are present anymore; the disease itself is still present, but no illness is present |
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| 6th stage of disease; disease is terminated (totally gone), patient gets stronger/better |
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| 7th and final stage of disease; patient returns to optimal health status (which might not be back to where the patient was before the disease) |
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| surrounds cell components; gel-like |
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| produce ATP; site of cellular respiration; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| site of protein synthesis; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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membrane enclosed tubules; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm; 2 types:
rough - covered in ribosomes
smooth - participate in lipid synthesis |
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| synthesize carbohydrate molecules that eventually become lipoproteins, glycoprotiens, and enzymes; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| digestive bodies; participate in phagocytosis; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| reduce oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide water; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| help maintain the cells shape; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| take part in cell division; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| participate in transportation and cell division; type of organelle suspended in the cytoplasm |
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| the cell's control center, "brain", "boss", etc.; participates in cell growth, metabolism, and reproduction; RNA synthesis and DNA storage both occur here |
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| cells external boundary; semipermeable (lets things into and out of the cell) |
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| type of orderly cell division that leads to tissue growth; consists of 9 steps |
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| un-orderly division of the cell |
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| cell type; line the body's internal (blood vessels, internal organs, etc.) and external structures (skin) |
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| cell type; found in the skin, bones, joints, artery walls, fascia, nerves, and body fat (sometimes blood); tougher than epithelial cells |
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| cell type; consists of neurons and neuroglial cells |
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| cell type; consists of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
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| reduction in size; can be homeostatic or pathogenic |
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| increase in size; can be homeostatic or pathogenic; ex. pregnancy |
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| increase in the number of cells; mainly abnormal; ex. skin cancer |
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| replacement of one cell type with another; matastisis |
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| abnormal differentiation of dividing cells; how mature/immature a cell is |
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| normal cell death; genetically programmed; certain cells live "x" number of days |
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| a lytic enzyme dissolves (or liquefy) necrotic cells; type of cell death |
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| cellular pieces remain undigested for months to years; type of cell death; ex. golf ball sized lump in the lung that looks like cottage cheese that is commonly found in TB patients |
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| lipases breakdown triglycerides into free fatty acids that form soaps; type of cell death |
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| type of cell death that occurs when blood supply is interrupted |
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| minimal bacterial invasion; type of cell death |
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| moist gangrenous necrosis |
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| develops along with liquefaction necrosis; type of cell death |
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| develops with infection from clostridium; type of cell death; directly related to the bacterium Clostridium |
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| self-regulating feedback mechanism |
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sensor: detects disruptions in homeostasis
control center: receives signals from the sensor and initiates the effectors' response
effectors: act to restore homeostasis |
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