Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| difference between positive ions (Na+, K+) and negative ions (HCO3-, Cl-) |
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Term
| why does Cl- change when HCO3- changes? |
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Definition
| to maintain electrical negativity |
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Term
| when HCO3- increases, Cl- ___. and vice versa. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cause of respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
| decreased alveolar ventilation |
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Term
| signs and symptoms of rspiratory acidosis |
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Definition
| headache, tachycardia, cardiac arythmias, CNS depression |
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Term
| compensation for respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cause of respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
| increased alveolar ventilation (hyperventilation) |
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Term
| symptoms of respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
| lightheadedness, CNS irritability (tingling, tetany), cardiac arythmias |
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Term
| compensaion for respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
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Term
| excess of noncarboni acid |
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Definition
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Term
| causes of metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
| acid accumulation (poisoning, abnormal metabolism, shock, and loss of base HCO3- (diarrhea, pancreatic vistula) |
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Term
| symtpoms of metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
| copensation for metabloic acidosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| causes of metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
| bas accumulation (excessive NaHCO3 intake, blood transfusions), and loss of acid (vomiting, gastric suction) |
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Term
| symptoms of metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
| CNS irritability, eventual CNS depression |
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Term
| compensation with metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
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Term
| therapy for respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
| anti-anxiety measures, 02 if due to hypoxemia, CO2 rebreathing |
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Term
| therapy for respiratory acidosis |
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Definition
| artificial ventilation, measures to improve ventilation |
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Term
| therapy for metabolic acidosis |
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Definition
| give NaHCO3, correct underlying cause, improve tissue oxygenation |
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Term
| therapy for metabolic alkalosis |
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Definition
| stop cause (antacids, CL-, K+, vomiting), almost never GIVE acid (HCl) |
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Term
| what is K+ responsible for? |
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Definition
| resting membrane potential of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| makes resting membrane potential less negative; nerve and muscle depolarize more easily; may not be able to repolarize normally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hyperpolarizes membrane potential making it more difficult to reach threshold and create an action potential; causes muscle weakness and cardiac arythmias |
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Term
| Which kind of calcium is physiologically acive? |
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Definition
| ionized, and bound is not |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased membrane permeability and higher threshold; more difficult to excite nerve and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| increased permeability and lower threshold; eay to stimulate nerve and muscle cells |
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Term
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Definition
| 4.5-6 mEq/L or 9-11 mg/100 mL |
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Term
| What is the role of magnesium? |
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Definition
| it interferes with the relase of achetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| floppy or weak muscles may be a result of ----- |
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Definition
| increased or decreaed K+, increased Mg2+, and increased Ca2 |
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Term
| twitchy or easily stimulated muscles may be a result of ---- |
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Definition
| decreased Mg2+, or decreased Ca2 |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in blood volume, particulalry plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in blood volume and plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange and causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide and respiratory acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| increased CO2 concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| reduces the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood to below its normal level because one is expiring more carbon dioxide than being produced in the body, thereby raising the blood's pH value making it more alkaline), initiating constriction of the blood vessels which supply the brain, and preventing the transport of oxygen and other molecules necessary for the function of the nervous system. causes respiratory alkalosis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which electrolyte imbalance is most critical? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the role of calcium? |
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Definition
| affects membrane permeability and threshold potential |
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Term
| difference in hypoxia and hypoxemia |
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Definition
| hypoxemia refers to decrease in oxygen partial pressue PAO2, while hypoxia is decrease in oxygen supply |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction in blood supply |
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Term
| increase in the size of cells |
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Definition
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Term
| increase in number of cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type. The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus. In simplistic terms, it is as if the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment, and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment. If the stimulus that caused metaplasia is removed or ceases, tissues return to their normal pattern of differentiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormality of development.[1] This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the abnormal proliferation of cells. The growth of neoplastic cells exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues around it. The growth persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli. It usually causes a lump or tumor. Neoplasms may be benign, pre-malignant (carcinoma in situ) or malignant (cancer). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does paO2 level reflect? |
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Definition
| the body's ability to pick up oxygen from the lungs |
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Term
| the lungs compensate for the ____ and vice versa |
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Definition
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Term
| can compensation correct a primary disorder? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the normal ration of HCO3- to H2CO3 |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three main regulators of pH? |
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Definition
| buffers (bicarbs and proteins-first line of defense), lungs (regulate H2CO3, hyper- or hypoventilation-second line of defense), kidneys (regulate HCO3-) |
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Term
| nonspecific immune response cells |
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Definition
| monocyte/macrophage, neutrophils (90%, early responder), eosinophils (2-5%, degrade inflammatory mediators and inhibit inflammation), basophils (<0.2%, bind IgE to surface recptors) |
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Term
| specific immune response cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CD4+ - helper T cells, CD8+ - cytotoxic T cells, CD8+ - suppressor T cells, Natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid leakage greater than canbe absorbed, WBCs leak out, an antibody is attracted to any invading bacteria, phagocytosis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| granulocytes, most abundant, relase kallikrein which catalyzes bradykinins which promotes vasodilation, vascular permeability, and mucous production |
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Term
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Definition
| granulocytes, contain destructive enzymes for killing infectious organisms, defend primary pathogens that are too big to be consumed by phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| relase histamine which promotes inflammation by causing vasodilation, capillary permeability, and mucous production |
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Term
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Definition
| agranulocytes, phagocytes, become macrophages, long lived and multiply |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate specific immune response, circulate between lymphoid system and blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| first immune cells to appear in large numbers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| part of reticuloendothelial system (lymph nodes, spleen, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| kill microbes, infected cells, tumor cells by phagocytosis; process antigens so they can recognized by T cells during immune response; secrete proteins called cytokines |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from bone marrow; produce antibodies; mediate humoral immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| arise from thymus; mediate cellular immunity; produce cytotoxic t-lymphocytes and cytokines; regulate immune responses |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotaxis (luekocytes move to inflammatory focus); adhesion; ingestion (vacuole is formed around particle); digestion (particle killed, fragments may remain) |
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Term
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Definition
| acute inflammation result when PMSs fail to phagocytose the bacteria quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| acute inflammation result of extense pus formation that spreads to nearby tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| result of acute inflammation that spreads inflammation, edema, and fluid sweeps along connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies are produced by B cells when they are stimulated by antigens and lymphokines, and the antibodies bind and attack free antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytotoxic T cells bind to and attack specific antigens associated with own cells - altered self cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the spread of a disease from one organ or part to another non-adjacent organ or part |
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Term
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Definition
| the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it |
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Term
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Definition
| receptor on the surface of a lymphocyte |
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Term
| five classes of antibodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when T cells bind to MHC antigen, it becomes activated and proliferated and makes memory and effector cells and secretes lymphokines |
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Term
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Definition
| T cytotoxic cells, CD8 protein on the surface, acyivated by MHC I, kill cells that present antigen to them |
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Term
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Definition
| T- helper cells, CD4 protein on surface, help activate B cells and TC cells, activated by MHC II |
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