Term
| Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) |
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Definition
Forms of free radicals that can cause cellular damage
produced as a normal byproduct of cellular metabolism and mainly by the mitochondrai or by the absorption of high energy sources such as radiation or UV light
will overwhelm the mitochondria and intracelluar antioxidants are insufficent |
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Term
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Definition
children more susceptible b/c they absorb lead more readily than adults
organs primarily affected: CNS, hematopoietic system, and kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
yellow,green pigment derived from porphyrin ring of hemoglobin
accumulation of this pigment....
***causes JAUNDICE*** |
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Term
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Definition
| due to an accumulation of urate(uric acid that is the end product of purine catabolism) or under secretion of uric acid |
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Term
Gout
-Etiology and Patho- |
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Definition
Liver may produce more uric acid than can't be eliminated
increased purines being roken down-> uric acid byproduct accumulates and not excreted renally-> leads to deposition in tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes and joints-> inflammation and pain
***most common join affect is the right great toe*** |
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Term
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Definition
calcium accumulation that occurs in dying and dead tissues
EX: pulmonary tuberculosis, atherosclerosis, and heart valve injury |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of mineral deposits that occur in undamaged, normal tissues as a result of hypercalcemia due to hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D |
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Term
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Definition
| PUSHING force w/in the VASCULATURE (up against wall of arteries and veins=vasculature wall) |
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Term
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Definition
PULLING force inside vasculature
pressure exerted by the concentration of the blood(Na+, plasma proteins, electrolytes,etc) |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which water moves between compartments from LOW TO HIGH PRESSURE |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 solutes in blood= heavily concentrated blood= water coming from tissues into blood to dilute it= water coming from cells into blood= cell dehydrates= shrinks= INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE= pulling fluid from interstitial |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 solute in blood= DECREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE= fluid move outside of vessel into tissue= hydrostatic pressure=same= water fills cells=cells enlarge |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of osmotic pressure that comes from plasma proteins |
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Term
Respiratory Acidosis/Alkolosis
pCO2 |
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Definition
pH and Respiratory Rates=SEE-SAW
(decreased pH (in#)= increased pCO2) |
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Term
Metabolic Acidosis/Alkolosis
HCO3 |
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Definition
pH and Metabolic Rates= ELEVATOR
(decreased pH (in #) = decreased HCO3) |
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Term
Normal pCO2 range
pCO2=ACID |
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Definition
35-45
***since pCO2 is an ACID it makes since that the higher the pCO2 # is, then it will correspond with a smaller pH b/c the pH becomes more acidic the smaller the # is***
(<35= alkalosis) ===> pH<7.35 and pCO2<35
(>45= acidosis) ===> pH>7.45 and pCO2 >45 |
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Term
Normal HCO3 range
HCO3=BASE |
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Definition
21-28
(<21= Acidosis) ===> pH<7.35 and HCO3<21
(>28= Alkalosis) ===> pH>7.45 and HCO3>28 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 or more extra sets of chromosome pairs====>IMCOMPATIBLE W/ LIFE==>FETUSES ARE MISCARRIED |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration in the chromosomal #===> caused by a failure of the chromosomes to divide properly (NONDISJUNCTION)===>cells w/ UNEVEN # of chromosomes (45 or 47 instead of 46) |
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Term
Sex-Linked Monosomy
(Turner's Syndrome) |
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Definition
==>45 chromosomes... missing Y component===>
XO or X
only in WOMEN
lakc pubic hair, breasts, have wide chest and shoulders |
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Term
Autosomal Polysomy
(Down's Syndrome) |
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Definition
AKA Trisomy 21
condition in which the 21st chromosome set has 3 instead of 2 |
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Term
Sex Linked Polysomy
(Klinefelter's Syndrome) |
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Definition
state of having 2(+) X chromosomes w/ 1 Y chromosome
XXXY
only in MEN
small genetalia, have male breast development |
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Term
Deletion
(Cri du chat Syndrome) |
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Definition
"Cry of the Cat" characterstic cry of a baby affected.
==> have development delays, low birth weight, mental retardation, heart defects and missing kidneys
===> jaw bone=displaced, abnormal distance between eyes |
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Term
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Definition
Autosomal Dominant Gene Disorder===>= will ALWAYS be present
Neuro degenerative disorder that is characterized by dementia and uncontrolled movements of the limbs(motor skills)
40-50 y/o diagnosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Autosomal Recessive Gene Disorder |
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Term
| X-Linked Recessive Sex Linked Disorders |
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Definition
| Expressed in MEN only b/c women have two X chromosomes, in which the healthy X chromosome will compensate for the mutated one. |
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Term
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Definition
X-linked disorder
deficiency in clotting factors |
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Term
Complement
-Inflammation Process Function- |
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Definition
Lysis of bacteria
Attraction of neutrophils
opsonization-enhancement of phagocytosis
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Term
Kinin & Bradykinin
Inflammation Process Function |
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Definition
Kinin->Bradykinin->
pain
increase vasodilation and permeability
attract neutrophils |
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Term
C-Reactive Protein
Inflammation Process Function |
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Definition
Enhances opsonization and complement
Blood levels are measured of C-Reactive Protein help identify the presence of an inflammatory condition or bacterial infection==>DOES NOT DIAGNOSE THE CAUSE |
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Term
Clottin System
Inflammation Process Function |
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Definition
| Fibrin mesh surrounding the site of injury==>trapping of exudate, microorgs, and foreign bodies to minimize spreading |
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Term
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Definition
COX 1 Homeostatic Functions:
Gastroprotection
Platelet aggregation
Renal Function
Fluid/Electrolyte Balance
COX 2 Inflammatory Functions:
Pain, Fever, Renal Functions,
Tissue Repair, Reproduction,
Development |
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Term
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Definition
Causes smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, neutrophil and eosinophil chemotaxis (attraction of WBC to site)
stimulate a slower and more prolonged response than histamine
main cuase of prolonged bronchoconstriction present during asthma attacks causing wheezing |
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Term
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Definition
systemic inflammatory response
gram - bacteria= most common cause
3 categories:
sepsis (mild)
severe sepsis (severe)
septic shock(extremely severe)
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Term
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Definition
| organ dysfunction (renal failure, hepatic failure, altered mentation) |
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Term
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Definition
final stage of sepsis
hypotension (all veins=dilated), and unresponsive to fluid replacement |
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Term
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Definition
| localized infection->bacteria invade blood and release their toxins into the blood stream->activates neutrophils and monocytes->relese inflammatory cytokines->start inflammatory process->inflammatory burst result in heodynamic changes->increased heart rate perfusion->organ dysfn |
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Term
| Meningitis Incubation Period |
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Definition
| 1-10 days==>communicable during whole incubation period and up to 24 hrs post the initiation of antibiotic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, seizures, nausea, weakness, nuchal rigidity(stiff neck), meningococcemia infection accompanied by a rash(flat, red, then turns purple) |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation of the brain
caused by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and arboviruses(spread by mosquitoes)
incubation period:5-15 days
NO human-human transmission
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Term
Encephalitis
-clinical manifestations- |
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Definition
Meningeal Irritation: evidenced by Kernig and Brudzinski signs (+ = meningeal irritation)
Delirium, fever, cranial nerve palsies, abnormal reflexes, signs of IICP(increasing intracranial pressure= headache worse lying down) |
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Term
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Definition
atypical
common cause of common cold
transmitted via airborne droplets, but not more than 3 ft away
incubation period: 2-10 days
causes severe inflammatory pneumonia in lungs=>alveolar damage
S&S: rigors(violent shaking),malaise, fever, chills |
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Term
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Definition
most common cause: S. viridans from oral surgery
second most common: S. aureus from IV drug abusers |
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Term
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Definition
infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue
caused by Staphylococcus
result from extension of skin wound or ulcer
infected area=erythematous(area=red), swollen, painful |
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Term
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Definition
necrotizing gram + disease
only get from exposure to infected animal by products(wool,etc) through inhalation, ingestion and broken skin
2-60 day incubation period
toxin=necrosis
S&S: elevated papule:enlarges and erodes into an ulcer=>necrotic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
viral skin infection by variola virus
transmit via air droplets, direct contact w/ skin lesions or w/ clothes
3 week communicability period
rash w/ lesions all at same stage and start in the extremities and move toward the trunk
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