Term
|
Definition
| manifestations observed objectively |
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Term
|
Definition
| subjective feelings that something is wrong. Cannot be observed. |
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Term
| Classifications of Disease |
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Definition
Inherited diseases
Congenital diseases or birth defects
Metabolic diseases
Degenerative diseases
Neoplastic diseases
Immunologic diseases
Infectious diseases
Physical agent-induced diseases
Nutritional deficiency diseases
Iatrogenic diseases
Psychogenic diseases
Idiopathic diseases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diseases caused by altered or mutated genes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diseases caused by prenatal (period of time in utero life) influences |
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Term
|
Definition
| period of time in utero life |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| from 2 months to 2 years of life |
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Term
|
Definition
| diseases arising from abnormalities in the chemistry of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases caused by degeneration of one or more tissues as a result of disease or normal aging. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases that cause tumors. Can be malignant or benign tumors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors that grow and divide without respect to normal limits, invade and destroy adjacent tissues, and/or spread to other locations in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors that are self-limited in their growth and do not invade or metastasize |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases in which the immune system may attack one's own body (autoimmune response), overreact (hypersensitivity reaction/allergic reaction), or underreact (AIDS) |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases caused by pathogens that damage the body in some way. |
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Term
| Physical Agent-Induced Diseases |
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Definition
| Diseases caused by agents such as toxic or destructive chemicals, extreme heat or cold, mechanical injury, or radiation. |
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Term
| Nutritional Deficiency Diseases |
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Definition
| Diseases caused by deficiencies in nutrients. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diseases caused by a physician or health professional |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases/Illnesses that appear to originate from emotional or mental causes rather than disease causing organisms or other strictly physiologic entities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases of undetermined cause |
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Term
| How do you know if cellular injury is reversible |
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Definition
| If cells can repair itself from injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of reversible cell injury that is an accumulation of water caused by a malfunction of the Sodium Potassium pump |
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Term
| Clinical manifestation of Hydropic swelling |
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Definition
| Organ Enlargement (ex Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly) |
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Term
| Intracellular Changes in Reversible Cell Injury |
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Definition
| Toxicity, decrease normal function ex. hyperlipidemia, vascular obstruction, hyperbilirubinemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When cells become smaller |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| When cells increase in number |
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Term
|
Definition
| When cells convert from one kind to another kind. Different from dysplasia because it starts as a normal cell and dysplasia is never a normal cell. Metaplasia is sometimes reversable and sometimes followed by cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| When cells grow disorderly/abnormally. Different to Metaplasia because a dysplastic cell is never a normal cell but metaplastic cells start as a normal cell. Dysplasia is usually a precancerous condition. |
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Term
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Definition
| When cells are injured to a point of no return. It depends on the severity and length of the injury. Ex. Necrosis and Apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
| When cells are damaged/injured and eventually die. It is specific to organ/tissue. The body will attempt to compensate and changes will be progressive. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of necrosis |
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Definition
coagulative
liquefactive
fat
caseous |
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Term
| What determines the type of necrosis that is present? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Thick, milky, jellylike breakdown of tissue. this is the most common type of necrosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Necrosis in the brain and spinal fluid. Always think meningitis when dealing with liquefactive necrosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Necrosis that occurs in fatty deposits. The pancreus enlarges and releases activated digestive enzymes. It leaves a white chalky appearance in necrotic fatty tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Necrosis in the lungs. TB is an example. It looks like cottage cheese. The curds are dead lung tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cellular death involving a large area of tissue. It generally follows necrosis |
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Term
| Characteristics of Dry Gangrene |
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Definition
| Black, dry, wrinkled, cold that generally occurs on extremities. Tissue just dries out and sloughs off. There is no invasion of bacteria and it is associated with decreased circulation. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Wet Gangrene |
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Definition
| Cold, black, foul smelling due to invasion of bacteria (usually staph or strep), rapid spread of tissue damage and release of toxins into blood stream. Usually occurs in internal organs. Blisters and painful. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Gas Gangrene |
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Definition
| Formation of bubbles in damaged muscle cells due to infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium. High temperature elevation. Moderate to sever pain. Can be fatal if not treated agressively. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Programmed cellular death (ex. menstual cycle, immune function, radiation, chemotherapy). Clinical manifestations determined by tissue/organ changes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack of oxygen or interruption of oxygen supply. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (signs and symptoms) Consequences of the alterations in cells or tissues that are characteristic of the disease or diagnostic of the process |
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes or reasons for phenomina |
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Term
|
Definition
| Death of an entire organism |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a person becomes stiff all over and has no pulse. Occurs progressively and begins within 4 hours of death. It is only temporary and lasts around 72 hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When blood settles close to the ground leaving the top to be white/gray and the bottom to be purple/blue. Sets in about 10 hours after death. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cold body. Normally temperature drops between 1-1.5 degrees per hour. Rectal temperature should be taken. |
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Term
|
Definition
| High in potassium and low in sodium |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Intravascular and Interstitial) High in Sodium and low in Potassium. Composed of 15% soft tissue and 5% Blood vessels |
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Term
| Homeostasis of fluid is controlled by what? |
|
Definition
Absorption (mostly in intestines)
Filtration
Osmosis
Excretion (skin, kidneys, lungs) |
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Term
| The two major fluid inbalances |
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Definition
Fluid volume excess
Fluid volume deficit
(Both are extracellular fluid volumes) |
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Term
| 3 factors in fluid regulation |
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Definition
| ADH (secreted in posterior pituitary), Kidneys (in the nephrons) and the vascular system (through vasoconstriction) |
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Term
| Fluid is lost in what 3 ways |
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Definition
| Kidneys, GI system, and insensible loss |
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Term
| FVD or Fluid Volume Deficit |
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Definition
| Caused by excess excretion of sodium ex: vomiting, diarrhea, blood loss, third-spacing, diuretics etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased amount of urine production. Output of less that 30mL/hr. A minimum of 30mL/hr is normal. |
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Term
| FVE or Fluid Volume Excess |
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Definition
| Normally just an excess of fluids. Electrolytes are normally balanced. Caused by IV infusions, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, renal disease etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fluid deficit and hypernatremia caused by vomiting and diarrhea. 5% W/L is mild. 10% W/L is moderate and 15% W/L is severe dehydration. |
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Term
| Signs of FVE or fluid volume excess |
|
Definition
| sudden weight gain, edema, bounding pulse, dyspnea (Shortness of breath), Orthopnea (when you can't lie flat and breathe because of fluid on lungs and heart) and frothy sputum |
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Term
| Signs of FVD or fluid volume deficit |
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Definition
| sudden weight loss, decreased BP, dizziness, Oliguria, and skin tenting. |
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Term
| Signs of Clinical dehydration |
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Definition
| Sudden weight loss, hypotension, postural hypotention (when you get lightheaded/dizzy from lying a while and then suddenly standing up), Oliguria, Absence of sweat and tears, confusion, coma, and shock. |
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Term
| Interstitial fluid excess |
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Definition
| Edema. Caused by increased osmotic pressure within the interstitial space and decreased pressure within the capillaries. Impairs lymphatic function. |
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Term
| 4 Different types of Edema |
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Definition
Third Spacing of Fluid
Dependent (one area. where gravity pulls)
Generalized (the whole body)
Pulmonary (the lungs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change in the concentration of an electrolyte NOT necessarily a result of the amount of fluid. When measuring the conc. you test the volume of them in the blood and urine. |
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Term
|
Definition
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphorus |
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Term
|
Definition
Normal Value = 136-140mEq/L
Regulates fluid through the Na/K pump.
Main source of NA is through the diet.
Pt who needs NA gets it through IV. |
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Term
|
Definition
Excess sodium (over 140 mEq/L). May not show signs when slighly over but shows when majorly over.
Caused by excess water loss or sodium gain
Salt tablets
Processed foods
IV fluids
Diabetes Insipidus |
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Term
|
Definition
Lack of Sodium (under 136mEq/L)
Caused by Water gain or sodium loss
Excess GI loss (diarrhea and vomiting)
Renal Disease
Water Intoxification (drinking too much water)
Diuretics |
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Term
|
Definition
Excessive thirst
Dry, cracked mouth and tongue
Restlessness
Confusion
Lethargy
At risk for FVD
Causes fluids to leave brain and causes confusion because NA helps transmit brain waves |
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Term
|
Definition
Irritability
Confusion
Anorexia
Seizures (only with severe sodium deficit)
Coma |
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Term
|
Definition
Regulates muscle functions and maintains osmotic pressure.
Found in Bananas and Orange Juice
Normal values are 3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
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Term
|
Definition
When K levels are below 3.5mEq/L. Shows signs around 3.2 and is deadly around 2.5
Caused by: Decreased Intake
Excess excretion
Excess insulin intake
Diarrhea (More K is found in GI tract than anywhere else in the body)
Gastric Suction
Renal Disease (Electrolytes are excreted through the renal system) |
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Term
|
Definition
Altered muscle function (pt can barely move)
Weakness (so weak pt can barely get out of bed or walk)
Cardiac dysrhythmia (look at Twave on EKG)
Polyuria (min of 30mL output. 2000 mL is average. +2000mL is polyuria)
Trauma to cells
Burns |
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Term
|
Definition
Levels greater than 5.0mEq/L. Pt becomes symptomatic at 5.1mEq/L.
Caused by Rapid infusion or intake of K.
Excessive use of salt substitutes
Large transfusion of stored blood
Insufficient insulin/uncontrolled diabetes(high blood sugar causes breakdown of cells and tissues causing a release of K)
Medications (K sparing diuretics)
Renal Disease (doesnt allow normal excretions) |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscle Dysfunction (weakness)
Flaccid Paralysis (muscle is unable to be moved by Pt.)
Intestinal cramping (build up of K blocks pump)
Decreases the duration of cariac potential
Irregular pulse (can cause severe cardiac arrest) |
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Term
|
Definition
Found in bones, teeth and muscles bound to protein, citrates and the rest is ionized
Normal value is 4.5-5.6 mg/dL
Its a major component of bone
Required for bone formation
Required for cell transport Required for nerve cell functioning
Essential in muscle functioning Important for normal blood clotting
Calcium is found in dairy products |
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Term
|
Definition
Under 4.5mg/dL
Caused by pancreatic disease
insufficient dietary intake
Laxative abuse(big problem in elderly Milk of Mag causes diarrhea and removes Ca)
Malabsorption
Presence of Hypomagnesia
Excess phosphorus intake
Renal Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Neuromuscular irritability
Positive Trousseau sign (carpal spasms from BP cuff pumped above Systolic for around 3 minutes)
Positive Chvostek Sign (When the facial nerve is tapped and the face twitches)
Paresthesia (pins and needles like when your foot falls asleep)
Tetany (involuntary muscle contraction)
Spasms |
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Term
|
Definition
Levels over 5.6ml/dL
Vitamin D overdose
Prolonged immobilization
Bone Tumors
Chemotherapy
When bone is demineralized and Ca is released. Also found in people who OD with Vit D. Immobilized pt's often have bone demineralization. |
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Term
|
Definition
Anorexia
Fatigue
Constipation
Muscle weakness
Headache
Cardiac Dysrhthmia |
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Term
|
Definition
Normal value is 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
Functions mainly in diaphram movement but also in other muscles
We get it from diet, especially fish. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Below 1.3 mEq/L
Caused by chronic alcohol abuse
Laxative abuse
pancreatic disease
malnutrition |
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Term
|
Definition
Increased neuromuscular functions
Positive Chvostek (Cranial nerve is tapped and face twitches)
Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement)
Ataxia (gross incoordination of muscles. Pt cant stand and falls often)
Tetany (inovluntary muscle contractions)
Seziers |
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Term
|
Definition
Above 2.1mEq/L
Caused by increased intake
Bone demineralization
Milk of Mag abuse
Renal Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
Decreased neuromuscular function
drowsiness
bradycardia
Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)
Respiratory disease (pt will stop breathing because of impared diaphram) |
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Term
|
Definition
Normally between 3-4.5mg/dL
Helps regulate bodily functions
You get phosphate through absorptions in the small intestines after digestion of food.
Caused by Chronic Alcoholism
IntractableDiarrhea
Antacid Abuse
Hyperinsulinemia
Cellular Destruction (without phosphates, cells can't build/repair) |
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|
Term
| Signs of Hypophosphatemia |
|
Definition
Inability to wake Pt
Anorexia (lack of appetite)
Malaise (feeling general discomfort)
Confusion
Stupor
Muscle Aches
Weakness
Confusion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Levels higher than 4.5mg/dL
High intake of phosphates
Caused by excess use of phosphate replacement
Phosphate enemas |
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|
Term
| Signs of hyperphosphatemia |
|
Definition
Depends on calcium levels
With normal calcium levels, excessive deposits are made in joints |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the Immune system |
|
Definition
| To protect the body from infections and toxins and to maintain normal flora. |
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Term
|
Definition
First line- skin (mechanical and chemical barriers)
Second line- Inflammation and Phagocytosis
Third line- Specific immune response and NK cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Breaking down and consuming pathogens/ foreign invaders |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Primary cells = B and T cells (made in bone marrow and thymus gland)
Secondary = spleen, lymphnodes, tonsils, peyers patches etc.
All lymphoid cells are made in bone marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Very specialized in response. Disposes of bacteria/virus and antigens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most abundant WBC that go to site of inflammation and are the main component of pus. During infection, you will also have a large number of immature WBC esp if you have a "shift to the left" |
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Term
|
Definition
WBC that is very specific to parasites
When eosinophil's are the highest counted WBC you know it is a parasitic infection.
Ex. Pt with Giardia (internal parasite) will have high eosinophils and also diarrhea causing low NA and K and FVD |
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Term
|
Definition
| WBC that contanes histomines. When the basophils are the main component in blood, expect signs such as water itchy eyes. |
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|
Term
| Monocytes and Macrophages |
|
Definition
| Phagocytic cells that act as second line of defense attacking any foreign invaders. |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of Inflammation |
|
Definition
Edema (swelling from increased blood flow and broken capalaries. May cause 3rd space fluid accumulation)
Pain - nerves are being stimulated through pressure on the nerve endings
Calor - Warmth. Temp goes up from blood flow
Redness - Hyperemia from vasodialation and broken down red blood cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Long term inflammation where extensive scarring is noted. It can last weeks, months or even years |
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|
Term
| Reconstruction following Reconstruction |
|
Definition
| Healing takes place in 1-6wks from onset. Protein and Vit.C is needed for the tissue regeneration process |
|
|
Term
| When is healing complete in an injured area? |
|
Definition
| When the scar/inijured area is no longer pink but is a normal color. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Serous - watery, clear to slightly yellow
Fibrinous - serous fluid with some fibrin. A little clear with pink and brown
Purulent - puss = dead skin with WBC (Neutrophils)
Hemorrhagic - Leakage of blood in vessels |
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|
Term
| Specific Adaptive Immunity |
|
Definition
| This is natural immunity that is developed throughout life. It works because specific antigens are developed against specific antigens |
|
|
Term
| Humoral Specific Adaptive Immunity |
|
Definition
| Antibodies are developed by the b-cell lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| Cell-mediated specific adaptive immunity |
|
Definition
| Antibodies are developed by the t-cell lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| Acquired Passive Immunity |
|
Definition
| Immunity transferred by plasma containing antibodies ex maternal/fetal transfer (IgG and IgA from breast milk) and from direct injection "serotherapy" (administered immunoglobulin IgG, IgA, IgM) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Developed antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen through vaccination or exposure to an infectious disease. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immune system attacks its own cells by intrinsic (when body turns on this response itself) and/or extrinsic (when body is exposed to something that causes reaction) factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| genetic/hereditary in origin characterized by Urticaria (hives, itch and scratch) Rhinitis (Runny nose-clear fluid), Eczema (skin rash and scaling), and mild breathing problems. All caused by mild histamine reactions. |
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|
Term
| Severe type I hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Reaction that is life-threatening chracterized by a rapid onset, wheezing, throat closing, tight chest, dyspnea (breathlessness), erythema with welts (abnormal redness of skin with welts that look like large blisters and generally start on chest) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue Specific hypersensitivity involving IgG and IgM cells from blood transfusion reactions, autoimmune disorders and graft rejection |
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|
Term
| Type III Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Immune complex response hypersensitivity where more antigen is produced than antibody. A build up of antigens "Arthrus" reaction to improperly administered vaccine or repeated exposure to vaccine. Also characterized by antigen-antibody deposits in small vessels called vasculitis. Causes red/inflammation, pain and necrotic tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
Delayed response ex. poison ivy or tuberculin reaction. Usually shows up 24-48hrs later.
Characteristic of red lesions with enduration (48hrs) and urticaria. Its progressive and spreads. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hospital Acquired Infection. Most common is staph or strep. responsible for 20,000 deaths a year. 10% of American hospital patients acquire a clinically significant nosocomial infection. Caused by high prevalence of pathogens, compromised hosts and efficient mechanisms of transmission from pt. to pt. (never go to work sick) |
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|
Term
| What protective mechanisms are in place to prevent infection? |
|
Definition
| Frequient hand washing and other mechanical barriers |
|
|
Term
| What risk factors predispose someone to an infection? |
|
Definition
| nutritional deficiency, illness, weakened immune system, age extreemes, open cuts/wounds. those who are immunosuppressed from illnesses often catch opportunistic infections |
|
|
Term
| Why are infants and older adults more susceptible to disease? |
|
Definition
| The immune system is not at its peak. Infants haven't developed strong immune systems and the elderly's are not functioning as well anymore |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Specific to disease/organism/system. General signs are: Febrile
Erythema - (Redness)
Diaphoresis - increased sweating
Positive organism culture (like strep, you get a + test for the disease/microbes)
Malaise (body weakness/discomfort)
Arthralgia (soar and painful joints) |
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|
Term
| Causes of immunosuppression |
|
Definition
Systemic disease like cancer/organ transplant
Stress
Medications (steroids/anti-rejection meds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary - straight cuts where everything meets together nicely (sutures)
Secondary - Doesnt line up and meet perfectly (has irregular edges)
Tertiary - Combination of primary and secondary. Wound healing is delayed. |
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|
Term
| Signs of impaired collagen synthesis |
|
Definition
Keloids
Hypertrophic scars |
|
|
Term
| Delayed wound healing because of Impaired epithelialization |
|
Definition
| Caused by steroids, radiation and zinc deficiencies. Dressings |
|
|
Term
| With delayed wound healing you will experience |
|
Definition
Increased fragility or change in appearance of granulation tissue
Unexpected pain/tenderness
Pocketing of epithelial tissue
Abnormal smell
Presence of exudate
Edema
Extending margin or erythema
Pyrexia (fever)
Wound breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Delayed Healing |
|
Definition
| Prolongs inflammation, disrupts the normal clotting mechanisms, and promotes disordered leukocyte function and ultimately preventing the development of new blood vessels and formation of granulation tissue. |
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