Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| objective manifestations (i.e. swelling, rash) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| subjective manifestations (i.e. pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manner in which disease develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the determination of the nature and cause of a patient's illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the probably outcome of a disease or disorder; the outlook for recovery |
|
|
Term
| What are the ways in which cells adapt to changing conditions? |
|
Definition
| atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reduction in cell size in response to diminished function, inadequate hormonal stimulation, or reduced body supply |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in size of cells without an increase in number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an increase in the number of cells (which causes an increase in the size of a tissue or organ) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a change from one type of cell to another type that is better able to tolerate some adverse environmental condition |
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal maturation of cells |
|
|
Term
| What changes may occur due to cell injury? |
|
Definition
| cell swelling, fatty change, or necrosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| cell stops bringing in potassium and moving sodium out, causing sodium to diffuse into the cell along with water, causing cell to swell which may lead to rupturing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| fat droplets accumulate within the cytoplasm due to impaired fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| after cell death, lysosomal enzymes are released and digest the cell, while the nucleus shrinks and either dissolves or breaks into fragments. Sometimes calcium is deposited in the dead cells and tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What are the cardinal signs/clinical manifestations of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Heat and redness, swelling, tenderness, and pain |
|
|
Term
| What are the local effects of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| dilation of blood vessels (increased blood flow, warmth, tenderness), increased capillary permeability (extravasation of fluid, swelling), attraction of leukocytes to site of injury, migration of leukocytes through vessel walls to site of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What causes inflammation? |
|
Definition
| physical (heat or cold), chemical (concentrated acid/alkali), or microbiologic (bacterium or virus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation? |
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammation does not display the cardinal signs, is long lasting, and is caused by persistent infection, presence of foreign antibodies, or autoimmunity. It is characterized by delayed onset. Acute may be from a cut, infected toenail, sprained ankle, and is short term and effects will subside in a few days. |
|
|
Term
| The role of lymphocytes in acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| Respond to foreign antigens and macrophages. Specific populations of lymphocytes perform specific functions. Cells of immune system secrete cytokines to communicate and produce their effects. B lymphocytes respond to intact antigen and proliferate with T cell help. T lymphocytes require macrophage-processed antigen in order to respond. |
|
|
Term
| Chain of events in immunity |
|
Definition
| recognition of foreign antigen, proliferation of lymphocytes programmed to respond to antigen, forming a large group of cells, destruction of foreign antigen by responding lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein components interact in a regular sequence to yield a series of by-products. Functions to destroy or inactivate all types of foreign antigens. Can be activated by classical or alternative pathway and once activated the components mediate inflammation, coat surface of invading bacteria making them easier to ingest, and generate an attack complex which punches holes in the cell membrane of the target |
|
|
Term
| Classical pathway of complement |
|
Definition
| triggered by antigen-antibody interactions |
|
|
Term
| Alternative pathway of complement |
|
Definition
| triggered by bacterial cell wall material or products generated during the inflammatory reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA immunoglobulins- globulins produced by plasma cells. Include IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [pentamer] The first Ig formed in response to foreign antigen (primary immune response). Present in bloodstream but not tissues. Large pentamer antibody cluster very effective for combining with foreign antigen. Effective in combining with fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [monomer] Most prevalent Ig produced rapidly in large amounts (secondary immune response) to replace IgM. Found in blood and tissues. Crosses placenta to protect fetus until infant immune system can produce antibodies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [dimer] Present in bloodstream, in secretions produced by mucous membranes (respiratory and GI tract), and in breast milk to provide maternal antibody protection to infant. Combines with antigens forming antigen-antibody complexes that cannot be absorbed, preventing antigens from inducing sensitization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [monomer] Small amount in bloodstream and on surface of B lymphocytes. Undetermined functions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [monomer] Present in bloodstream and attaches to mast cells and basophils, which causes allergic response when sensitizing antigen encountered. Evolved to protect against parasitic infections common in developing countries, but in developed countries causes allergy issues in susceptible people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A person forms an autoantibody to their own cells/tissue components.
1) The patient's own antigens are altered, causing the immune system to respond to altered antigen and attack
2) There is a foreign antigen that causes the immune system to respond and attack, but the attack cross-reacts with normal cells having similar antigenic determinants |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotic treatment for bacterial infections |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of cell-wall synthesis, Inhibition of cell-membrane function, Inhibition of metabolic functions, Competitive inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of antibiotics |
|
Definition
Toxicity
Hypersensitivity (anaphylactic reactions)
Alteration of normal bacterial flora
Development of resistance strains of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| How do resistant strains of bacteria develop? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria initially sensitive to antibiotics become resistant by developing enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic or developing mechanisms that circumvent the effects of antibiotic. Widespread use of antibiotics predisposes to the development of resistant strains. This may complicate treatment. |
|
|
Term
| Bodily defenses against viral infections |
|
Definition
Formation of interferon, the "broad-spectrum" antiviral agent that inhibits the virus that induced its formation as well as other viruses.
Cell-mediated immunity
Humoral defenses |
|
|
Term
| Treatment with antiviral agents |
|
Definition
Blocks viral multiplication
Prevents virus from invading cell
Limited application (toxicity, limited effectiveness) |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of fungal infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Overgrowth of cells
No useful purpose
Cells don't respond to control mechanisms that normally regulate cell growth and differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slow growth
Remains localized
Does not infiltrate surrounding tissue
Can usually be removed easily
Cells are well-differentiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any benign tumor projecting from surface epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A benign tumor. Prefix designates primary tissue of origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid growth
Infiltrates surrounding tissue
Can spread in vascular and lymphatic channels
Cells are poorly differentiated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A malignant tumor derived from epithelial cells (either surface, glandular or parenchymal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A malignant tumor arising from connective and supporting tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A neoplastic proliferation of leukocytes (blood cells). Leukemic cells diffusely infiltrate bone marrow and lymphoid tissues, spill over into bloodstream, and infiltrate throughout various organs of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cell type: Granulocytic, Lymphocytic, Monocytic
Maturity type: Acute (primitive cells), Chronic (mature cells)
Number of circulating white cells |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of leukemia |
|
Definition
Impaired bone marrow function (anemia, thrombocytopenia, infections)
Infiltration of organs (Splenomegaly, Hepatomegaly, Lymphadenopathy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chronic: well-controlled by treatment, relatively long survival
Acute: Difficult to treat, poor prognosis
Bone marrow transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Hormones
Anticancer drugs (chemo) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stopping of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What does hemostasis depend on? |
|
Definition
The integrity of small blood vessels
Adequate numbers of structurally and functionally normal platelets
Normal amounts of coagulation factors
Normal amounts of coagulation inhibitors
Adequate amounts of calcium ions in the blood |
|
|
Term
| Integrity of small blood vessels (hemostasis depends on...) |
|
Definition
| normally they contract/narrow, facilitating closure by a blood clot |
|
|
Term
| Adequate numbers of structurally and functionally normal platelets (hemostasis depends on...) |
|
Definition
| platelets plug the defect in vessel wall, liberate chemical compounds (vasoconstrictors), and release substances (phospholipids) that initiate blood coagulation |
|
|
Term
| Normal amounts of coagulation factors (hemostasis depends on...) |
|
Definition
| Proteins activated to produce a blood clot |
|
|
Term
| Production of a blood clot |
|
Definition
Phase 1: (Intrinsic system) Plasma factors XII, XI, and IX are activated and interact with factor VIII and platelets to yield intrinsic thromboplastin.
Phase 1: (extrinsic system) Tissue injury yields extrinsix thromboplastin that reacts with plasma factor VII.
Thromboplastin from either system interacts with additional components, factor V, X, and platelet phospholipid, to form the complex Prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin to thrombin in Phase 2.
Phase 3: Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin |
|
|
Term
| Normal amounts of coagulation inhibitors (hemostasis depends on...) |
|
Definition
Restrict the clotting process to a limited area.
Protein C & S function together to inactivate factors V & VIII.
Antithrombin inhibits thrombin and other activated coag factors.
Plasminogen gets activated to form plasmin, which dissolves fibrin. |
|
|
Term
| Adequate amounts of calcium ions in the blood (hemostasis depends on...) |
|
Definition
| Blood will not clot in the absence of calcium, however calcium levels low enough to affect blood coagulation would be incompatible with life |
|
|
Term
| Clinical disturbances of blood coagulation |
|
Definition
Abnormalities of small blood vessels [abnormal function or form]
Abnormalities of platelet numbers or function [thrombocytopenia, defective platelet function]
Deficiency of plasma coagulation factors
Liberation of thromboplastic material into circulation
Relative frequency of various coagulation disturbances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bleeding disorder that slows blood clotting process.
X-linked hereditary disease affecting essentially males. Episodes of hemorrhage in joints and internal organs after minor injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Classic. Decrease in coagulation factor VIII (anti-hemophilic factor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Christmas disease. Deficiency of coagulation factor IX. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of von Willebrand's factor which is required for platelets to adhere to the vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| Deficiency of prothrombin or accessory coagulation factors suggest... |
|
Definition
Administration of anticoagulant drugs
Inadequate synthesis of vitamin K
Inadequate absorption of vitamin K
Severe liver disease |
|
|
Term
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome |
|
Definition
| Activation of coagulation mechanism due to shock, bacterial infection, or necrosis of tissue leading to widespread coagulation of blood (thrombosis). Body activates fibrinolysin system. Hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
| Intravascular Blood Clots caused by... |
|
Definition
| slowing or stasis of blood flow, damage to walls of blood vessel, or an increase in coagulability of blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Detached clot carried in circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue necrosis caused by interruption of blood supply or anoxia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation of a blood clot in a vein |
|
|
Term
| Predisposing factors to blood clots in leg veins |
|
Definition
stasis of blood
varicose veins
increased blood coagulability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obstruct main pulmonary artery or major branches
Obstruct blood flow to lungs causing dyspnea, cyanosis, shock sudden death
Lung usually not infarcted bc adequate collateral blood flow is provided by bronchial arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Impacted in peripheral branches of pulmonary artery
Lung infarct may develop due to inadequate collateral circulation causing chest pain, cough, bloody sputum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thrombi form in pelvic vein following uterine infection
Bacteria invade thrombi
Emboli from infected thrombus travel to lungs, causing pulmonary infarct
Bacteria in clot invade pulmonary infarct, causing lung abscess |
|
|
Term
| Primary hypertension (essential) |
|
Definition
Unknown cause
Excessive arteriolar vasoconstriction restricts blood flow into capillaries and diastolic pressure rises
Heart contracts more forcefully to deliver adequate blood to muscle, causing compensatory rise of systolic pressure
Uncontrolled hypertension damages heart and blood vessels (wear out, weaken causing rupture in brain, narrowing of arterioles leading to kidney damage)
Treatment lowers blood pressure and reduces risk of complications |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by a known disease (pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, or kidney disease). Successful treatment of underlying condition cures the hypertension |
|
|
Term
| Isolated systolic hypertension |
|
Definition
Systolic pressure elevated but diastolic pressure normal
Occurs in older persons related to loss of aortic elasticity
Arteries are rigid & less able to absorb force of ejected blood during ventricular contraction
Diastolic pressure is normal bc of absence of arteriolar vasoconstriction
Same harmful effects as primary hypertension
Treatment same as primary hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thickening of the lining of blood vessels caused by accumulation of lipids, with secondary scarring and calcification |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
Endothelial injury
Lipids accumulate and precipitate as crystals
Secondary fibrosis, calcification, and degenerative changes in arterial wall
Irregular mass of yellow, mushy debris: atheromatous plaque or atheroma |
|
|
Term
| Risk factors of Atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
Elevated blood lipids
High blood pressure
Cigarette smoking
Diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations/Complications of Atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
Ischemic heart disease/Coronary heart disease: heart disease as a result of inadequate blood flow through the coronary arteries
Angina pectoris (chest pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chest pain.
Stable angina- pain on exertion, subsides with rest/meds
Unstable angina- frequent, long lasting episodes, poor response to rest/meds
Prinzmetal's angina- occurs at rest, caused by coronary artery spasm |
|
|
Term
| Venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis |
|
Definition
Deep veins of lower extremities
Postoperative and bed patients predisposed |
|
|
Term
| Varicose veins of lower extremities |
|
Definition
Usually congenital weakness of vein wall or valves
May occur if deeper veins blocked or valves damaged
Complications include stasis ulcers, rupture with bleeding, thrombophlebitis |
|
|
Term
| Varicose veins in other locations |
|
Definition
| hemorrhoids (rectum), esophageal varices (cirrhosis), varicocele (scrotum) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood backs up into or congesting the liver, abdomen, lower extremities, and lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Results when the heart can't pump adequate amounts of blood to tissues.
Acute: rapid progression
Chronic: slow onset and progression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inadequate cardiac output; leads to salt and water retention by kidneys and edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood backs up in venous circulation; leads to increased venous pressure (congestion of viscera, edema) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Active inflammation of heart muscle associated with injury and necrosis of individual muscle fibers.
Usually viral cause
Occasionally other pathogens or hypersensitivity state
Abrupt onset may lead to acute heart failure
Usually complete recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A complication of rheumatic fever caused by scarring of the heart valves subsequent to the healing of a rheumatic inflammation.
Can be prevented by treating beta-streptococcal infection promptly
Prophylactic penicillin can prevent strep infections and reduce risk of recurrent rhematic fever and heart valve damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A term for any condition leading to such a marked fall of blood pressure that body tissues do not receive an adequate amount of oxygen, most often caused by acute blood loss or severe infection (sepsis)
Prognosis depends on early recognition and rapid appropriate treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Drugs that promote vasoconstriction
Use of IV fluids or blood to restore blood volume secondary to fluid loss or hemorrhage
Treatment of underlying cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Low blood volume leading to low blood pressure; secondary to hemorrhage, severe burns, diarrhea, diuretic use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Impaired cardiac pumping function reducing cardiac output |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive vasodilation secondary to severe infection due to the release of microbial toxins and inflammatory mediators (mast cells, basophils); leads to circulatory shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive vasodilation from release of inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammation of the lung.
Exudate spreads through the lung, fills the alveoli, and affected portion becomes relatively solid, referred to as consolidation.
If exudate reaches pleural surface, irritation and inflammation of pleura occurs |
|
|
Term
| Classification of pneumonia |
|
Definition
Etiology (serves as guide to treatment): Bacteria, virus, fungi, chlamydiae, mycoplasma, rickettsiae)
Anatomic distribution of inflammatory process (which part of lung is involved)
Predisposing factors: any condition associated with poor lung ventilation and retention of bronchial secretions |
|
|
Term
| Lobar (Pneumonia classification) |
|
Definition
| Infection of entire lung lobe caused by pathogenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Bronchopneumonia (Pneumonia classification) |
|
Definition
| Parts of one or more lobes or lobules adjacent to bronchi caused by pathogenic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial pneumonia/primary atypical pneumonia (Pneumonia classification) |
|
Definition
| Caused by virus or mycoplasma; involves alveolar septa, then alveoli; lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells infiltrate septa |
|
|
Term
| Predisposing factors of pneumonia |
|
Definition
Any condition associated with poor lung ventilation and retention of bronchial secretions
-postoperative pneumonia
-aspiration pneumonia
-obstructive pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of mucous secretions in the bronchi usually when a patient is unable to cough or breathe deeply due to post-op pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Foreign body, food, vomitus, or other irritating substance is aspirated into the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the lung distal to a bronchial narrowing or obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of pneumonia |
|
Definition
-Manifestations of systemic infection (ill, elevated temp, increased white blood cell count)
-Manifestations of lung inflammation (cough, purulent sputum, pain on respiration if involves pleura, shortness of breath)
-Legionnaire's disease, SARS, Pneumocystitis pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spasmodic contraction of smooth muscles in walls of smaller bronchi and bronchioles, narrowing of bronchioles, increased secretions from bronchial mucous glands |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of Bronchial Asthma |
|
Definition
-Shortness of breath
-Wheezing: restricted movement of air thru tightly constricted air passages
-Air flow impeded more on expiration than on inspiration |
|
|
Term
| What causes Bronchial asthma and how? |
|
Definition
| Attacks are precipitated by allergens: dust, pollen, animal dander, other. Interact with mast cells coated with IgE antibody. Release of checmical mediators that induce bronchospasm. |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Bronchial asthma |
|
Definition
| Drugs that block release of mediators from mast cells |
|
|
Term
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
|
Definition
| Combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of alveolar walls
-Destruction of fine alveolar structure of lungs with formation of large cystic spaces; typically begins in upper lobes eventually affecting all lobes of both lungs |
|
|
Term
| Main symptom of Pulmonary emphysema |
|
Definition
| Shortness of breath, initially on exertion, and later at rest |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Pulmonary emphysema |
|
Definition
-Major factors exposing bronchial mucosa to chronic irritation (cig smoking, inhaling injurious gases)
-Inflammatory swelling of mucosa (narrows bronchioles, increases bronchioles' resistance to expiration, causes air to be trapped in lungs)
-Leukocytes that accumulate in bronchioles and alveoli may contribute to damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of terminal bronchioles demonstrated by cough and production of purulent sputum |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of COPD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three main anatomic derangements of COPD |
|
Definition
-Inflammation and narrowing of terminal bronchioles
-Dilation and coalescence of pulmonary air spaces
-Loss of lung elasticity from destruction of alveolar septa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Usually self-limiting inflammation of short duration
-May be associated with mucosal ulceration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Alcohol ingestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Often associated with H. pylori
Organism spread from person-person by close contact
Infection slightly increases long-term risk of gastric lymphoma and gastric carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation involving the intestine as well as the stomach |
|
|
Term
| Cause of acute gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroenteritis characterized by... |
|
Definition
| abrupt onset of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and profuse diarrhea. Usually subsides spontaneously within a few days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Affects adults and older children
-May spread as epidemic
-Highly contagious and easily spread |
|
|
Term
| Peptic Ulcer Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
-Increased acid secretions and digestive enzymes erode gastric mucosa
-H. pylori plays role by growing within layer of mucus covering epithelial cells. Produce urease, which decomposes urea into ammonia, which neutralizes gastric acid, allowing organisms to flourish. Increased risk of gastric carcinoma and malignant lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Peptic ulcer complications |
|
Definition
-Hemorrhage
-Perforation leads to peritonitis
-Pyloric obstruction due to scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Antacids
-Drugs that block acid secretion by gastric epithelial cells
-Antibiotic therapy if ulcer associated with H. pylori
-Surgery |
|
|
Term
| Carcinoma of the stomach manifestations |
|
Definition
-Vague upper abdominal discomfort
-Iron-deficiency anemia from chronic blood loss |
|
|
Term
| How is diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach established? |
|
Definition
| By biopsy by means of gastroscopy |
|
|
Term
| Carcinoma of the stomach treatment and prognosis |
|
Definition
-Resection of stomach and draining lymph nodes
-Often tumor quite far advanced by treatment time
-Long term survival relatively poor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Inflammatory disease of the intestines
-Self-limiting
-Caused by many different organisms and bacterial toxins |
|
|
Term
| Crohn's Disease (regional enteritis) |
|
Definition
| -Inflammation primarily of distal ileum, which may be scattered leaving normal intervening areas |
|
|
Term
| Manifestations of Crohn's/Regional Enteritis |
|
Definition
Ulcerating of mucosa
Marked thickening and scarring of bowel wall |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Crohn's/R.E. |
|
Definition
Various drugs
Surgical resection of affected part of bowel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recurrent chronic inflammation of colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Ulcerative colitis |
|
Definition
Antibiotics and corticosteroids
Surgical resection of colon |
|
|
Term
| Complications of Crohn's disease |
|
Definition
Nutritional disturbances from chronic diarrhea
Profuse bleeding of ulcerated areas
Perforation of ulcerated areas
Intestinal obstruction caused by thickening and scarring of bowel |
|
|
Term
| Antibiotic-associated colitis |
|
Definition
Broad spectrum antibiotics change intestinal bacterial flora
-normal flora destroyed
-anaerobic spore Clostridium difficile not inhibited |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of antibiotic-associated colitis |
|
Definition
| stool culture, toxin in stool |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis |
|
Definition
stop antibiotic treatment
give vanomycin or metronidazole
Severe cases treated with antibiotics directed against clostridium difficile
DO NOT give drugs that decrease intestinal motility |
|
|
Term
| Appendicitis pathogenesis |
|
Definition
-Narrow caliber of appendix favors obstruction. Base becomes plugged by bits of fecal material. Accumulation of secretions raises intraluminal pressure. Intestinal bacteria invade wall.
-Inflamed appendix may perforate and cause peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of appendicitis |
|
Definition
Generalized ab pain becoming localized to right lower quadrant
Reflex contraction of ab muscles in response to inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of appendicitis |
|
Definition
| Appendectomy in all suspected cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adults unable to digest lactose due to lactase deficiency
Unabsorbed lactose raises osmotic pressure of bowel contents (retention of fluid in intestinal lumen associated w cramps/diarrhea)
Symptoms abate when dairy products are discontinued |
|
|
Term
| Intolerance to wheat protein gluten |
|
Definition
Hypersensitivity to wheat protein (impaired intestinal absorption, atrophy of intestinal villi)
Diagnosis established by bowel biopsy
Treatment by gluten-free diet (relieves symptoms, villi return to normal) |
|
|
Term
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) |
|
Definition
| Disturbed bowel function without structural or biochemical abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exclusion- rule out infections, food intolerance, various types of chronic enteritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduce emotional tension
Improve intestinal motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Any caloric intake that exceeds requirements is stored as adipose tissue and weight is gained
-Weight is lost if caloric intake reduced below amount required for normal metabolic processes
-Sometimes caused by endocrine or metabolic disturbances
-Majority of cases due to overeating
-60% of Americans are obese |
|
|
Term
| Health consequences of obesity |
|
Definition
-Higher incidence of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and many others
-Excess fat is harmful to cardiovascular system
-Impaired pulmonary ventilation
-Impaired ability to utilize insulin
-Death rate from cancer is higher |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Reduction of food intake and increase activity
-Small weight losses have significant health benefits
-Many individuals are unable or unwilling to reduce caloric intake so other treatments include Ileal bypass, gastric bypass, adjustable gastric banding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
False perception of fatness
Continual weight reduction by food restriction and excessive exercise
Difficult to treat because there is a medical and psychological need for treatments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Repeated episodes of binge eating followed by purging
Leads to dental problems, metabolic alkalosis, and electrolyte disturbances
Mucosa tears are possible which may be fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Characterized by binge eating without compensatory purging to restrict the excess calories
Leads to weight gain
Affects up to 20% of persons in weight loss programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Metabolism of ingested carbs, protein, fat delivered through portal circulation
-Synthesis of substances including plasma proteins and clotting factors
-Storage of B12
-Detox and excretion of various substances |
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Term
| Manifestations of liver injury |
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Definition
cell necrosis
fatty change
mixed necrosis and fatty change |
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Term
| Clinical effects of liver injury |
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Definition
Mild injury with complete recover
Severe injury with hepatic failure
Chronic or progressive injury causing scarring with impaired liver function |
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Term
|
Definition
viral hepatitis
fatty liver
alcoholic hepatitis
cirrhosis |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of viral hepatitis |
|
Definition
1/3 become sick and jaundiced
1/3 become sick but not jaundiced
1/3 become asymptomatic, but tests reveal liver injury |
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Term
|
Definition
RNA virus; incubation period of 2-6 weeks
Transmitted fecal-oral or through contaminated food/water
antigen-antibody test results: anti-HAV confers immunity to Hep A |
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Term
| Complications of Hepatitis A |
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Definition
Self-limiting infection
No carriers
No chronic liver disease |
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Term
| Prevention/Treatment for Hep A |
|
Definition
Prevention of disease after exposure: gamma globulin administered within 14 days
Immunization available |
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Term
|
Definition
DNA virus
Incubation period 6 weeks- 4 months
Transmitted through blood/body fluids
Antigen-antibody test results:
-infected people are HbsAg positive and lack anti-HBs
-immune people lack HbsAg and have anti-HBs |
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Term
|
Definition
10% become chronic carriers
Carriers may develop chronic liver disease |
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|
Term
| Prevention/Treatment of Hep B |
|
Definition
Prevention after exposure with Hep B immune globulin
Immunization available |
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