1. Movement

2. Conductivity

3. Metabolic absorption

4. Secretion

5. Excretion

6. Respiration

7. Reproduction

8. Communication

control center of cell

where genetic information from DNA is transcribed to RNA

surrounded by nuclear membrane (allows passage of substances)

Mostly water containing chemical compounds and structures (minerals, gases, organic molecules, cell organelles)

Many chemical reactions take place here

critical component of cell

essential for communication and function

double phospholipid layer which is impermeable except to lipid-soluable substances, unless helped by other molecules or processes

Protein factories

build proteins out of amino acids/protein synthesis

housekeeper

contain enzymes that break down cells and substances

digestive bags-digest unwanted substances in cell with enzymes

power house of cell

makes energy/cell respiration -> ATP

involved in controlling cell growth and death

the mother

can trace maternal lineage through mitochondrial DNA

storage warehouse/ post office

can synthesize large carbohydrates

sorts and packages proteins, like insulin, for secretion

system of channels for transport

rough: for protein synthesis from attached ribosomes

smooth: for fat transport and sex hormone synthesis

controls cell shape, movement, and internal organization

permit movement of substances in a cell

microtubules (cilia, flagella, centrioles)

microfilaments (support, anchor, contractile ability)

form spindle fibers during cell division

guide duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells

needed to maintain homeostasis

signal through hormones, neurotransmitters, and other chemical messengers that bind with specific cell receptors

proteins that bind with specific substances, like hormones

variety of receptors on surface of plasma membranes and inside

trigger reactions

allow substances into cells

allow groups of cells to stick together

involves extracellular matrix - complex structure of collagen and other proteins like structure in between cells to form tissue

matrix is secreted by fibroblasts which are essential for healing

decreased adhesion occurs in cancer and leads to metastasis (cells break off and travel)

take O2 and nutrients from food (protein, carbs, fats) to make energy

anabolism: requires energy-building up

catabolism: releases energy-breaking down

doesn't require oxygen

needed for cells that don't have mitochondria

doesn't supply most of our energy needs, but may provide a boost

utilizes oxygen

supplies 90% of body's energy needs

occurs in mitochondria

making ATP for energy from glucose

anaerobic

not a lot of energy produced but produces other neccessary molecules

neccessary sometimes even if O2 is available

aerobic

utilizes nutrients

aerobic

combines O2 and H+ to get H2O and ATP

urea

NH3

water

CO2

diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

easiest type of transport

higher to lower solute concentration

down a concentration gradient

also down concentration gradient

for moleclues that are too big or arent lipid soluble

facilitated by carrier protein

movement of water from higher to lower concentration

solutes in fluids act like water magnets

requires energy

lower to higher concentration

needed for muscle conraction and nerve impulses

NA+/K+ pump

groups of cells with similar structure and function

occurs after concenption when fertilized egg undergoes divisions and changes into different types of cells through cell differentiation

epithelial

connective

nerve

muscle

basement membrane-anchor

line surfaces and structures/form glands

named according to shape, arrangement, function

cells are closely packed

usually high rate of turnover

single layer linig or covering a structure

endothelium: lines vessels

mesothelium: lines cavities

more than one layer

barrier to pathogens

bottom layer undergoes mitosis before top layer

mucous membranes, ducts of glands, respiritory passages, bladder

transitional stratified can change shapes/stretch

specialized to produce secretions

organs or cells that secrete something

can be unicellular (goblet cells that produce mucous)

or multicellular

ductless

pituitary, thyroid, adrenal

have ducts

sweat, mammary, GI tract

binds and supports tissues and organs and serves as storage site for excess nutrients

most abundant tissue in body

store triglycerides

fill spaces, keep organs in place

good insulator

white fat/brown fat-each metabolized differently

bone

blood

cartilage

smooth, striated, and cardiac

involuntary

digestive tract, arteries and veins, ureters

voluntary

movement

one of the most abundant tissues in body

has featured of striated and smooth

involuntary