Term
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Definition
Has the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and protective functions
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Term
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Definition
| this connects upper and lower airways and has a protective function |
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Term
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Definition
1) warms, humidifies, and filters inspire air
2) protects the lower airways from foreign matter |
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Term
| sttuctures of the pulmonary system |
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Definition
airways
pulmonary circulation
chest wall
lungs (three lobes on right and two lobes on the left) |
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Term
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Definition
| this has the trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
| insuffienct o2 in the blood and the first step to hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of 02 available to body tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| respiratory bronchioles has |
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Term
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Definition
| these branches out from the bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the alveolar type I epithelial cells gives the alveolus it's__________ and has a very ______ gas-permeable components of the blood air barrier |
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Term
| secretory, surfactant, collapse |
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Definition
| Alveolar Type II alveolar cells has _______cells, ______production, and prevents the ________of the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| pulmonary circulation is a |
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Term
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Definition
| in pulmonary and bronchial circulation it increase in cardiac out but doesn't increase |
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Term
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Definition
| how many of the pulomnary vessels are filled with blood? |
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Term
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Definition
| pulomary artery divides and |
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Term
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Definition
| the alveolo-capillary membrane is formed by the shared alveolar and |
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Term
| alveolo-capillary membrane |
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Definition
the membrane that gas exchange occurs in
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Term
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Definition
Has:
-skin
-ribs
-intercoastal muscles
-Thoracic cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| the thin space between the two pleural layers that contains fluid to reduce friction |
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Term
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Definition
| this pleura is attached to the chest wall and senses pain |
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Term
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Definition
pleura that covers the lungs
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Term
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Definition
the function of the pumonary system is t:
bring air in to the lungs _________
-diffuse gases into and out of the blood ____________ |
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Term
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Definition
how much air is moved in one breath
ventilatory rate X volume of are per breath |
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Term
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Definition
| how much air is available to the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
Ventilation is a ________control
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Term
| involuntary and voluntary |
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Definition
| respiratory center is both |
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Term
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Definition
| the respiratory center is in the |
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Term
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Definition
| neurochemical control for ventilation is in the |
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Term
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Definition
| automatic rhythm of breathing |
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Term
| ventral respiratory group |
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Definition
| active when voluntary control is needed |
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Term
| pneumotaxic and apneustic center |
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Definition
| modifies the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups and prevents overinflation of lungs |
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Term
| irritant, stretch, and j-receptors |
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Definition
| receptors to the dorsal respiratory group are |
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Term
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Definition
| this reacts to ph, PaCo2, and PaO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| acidosis causes increased breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| increase ventilation; increases respiratory rate |
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Term
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Definition
| not a primary drive but when there is a chronic hypoventilation , ther will be increased CO2 so then this becomes primary and when this goes down, the respiratory rate also goes down |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| diaphragm and external intercostals |
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Definition
| major muscles of inspiration is |
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Term
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Definition
| pulls its self down and increases the thoracic volume |
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Term
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Definition
| contacts to increase AP diamater |
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Term
| sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles |
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Definition
| Accesory muscles of inspiration (increase AP diameter) |
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Term
| abdominal and internal intercostal muscles |
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Definition
| accessory muscles of expiration (not needed usually) |
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Term
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Definition
| when the chest wall move out and up it increases the amount of _____pressure to allow air to move in |
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Term
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Definition
| chest muscle realxes it ________ space and air goes out |
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Term
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Definition
| when the surface tension (surfactant) is _______this allow the alveoli and lung to expand |
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Term
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Definition
| returns to the resting state like a balloon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| airway resistance is normally______, 2/3 of total resistance is in the nose |
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Term
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Definition
fight or flight;
-bronchial smooth muscle relaxes which increases the diameter of the airway
-respiratory rate increases
-increased glucose for muscle function |
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Term
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Definition
-bronchial muscles constrict narrowing airway
-mucus production increase |
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Term
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Definition
1. ventilation of the lungs
2. Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood
3. perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
4. Diffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of Co2 occurs in ________ |
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Term
| gravity and the alveolar pressure |
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Definition
| the distribution on gravity and alveolar pressure depends on |
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Term
| normally .8 but ideal is 1 |
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Definition
| The ventilation-perfusion ratio is |
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation is greater than perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| perfusion is greater than ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| this oxygenation depends on the amount of oxygen and hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
decreased affinity for O2 (releaser easier)
ex:acidosis |
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Term
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Definition
| increase of HB afficity for O2 (held on) |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement of gas pressure: decrease HB affinity for O2 (released easier) |
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Term
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Definition
| measurement for gas pressure: Increase HB affinity for O2 (held on to) |
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Term
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Definition
-dissolved in plasma
-bicarbonate (-HCo3)
-attacheed to hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ____co2 in arterial blood is in form of -Hco3 ( out from kidneys) |
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Term
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Definition
| o2 release from hemoglobin in tissues and combination of 02 with hemoglobin in lung promotes CO2 movement as desired |
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Term
| hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction |
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Definition
-caused by low alveolar PO2
-the body will not send blood where there is no air and n o air where thereis no blood
-hypoxia affects all segments of the lungs because of vasoconstriction which can lead to pulmonary hypertension (increase pressure) |
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Term
| filtration, humifies, and heat supply |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lining of the bronchial is |
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Term
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Definition
-300 million
-site of diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
-type I pneumocytes (epthelial) blood air barrier
-Type II pneumocytes (alveolar cells)- produce surfactant |
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Term
| respiratory bronchioles and alveoli |
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Definition
| gas exchange units are the |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which O2 is transferred from the air to tissue and CO2 is excreted in the expired air |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air moved in and out of lungs with each normal breath
7ml/ kg
about 500 ML |
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Term
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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Definition
volume of air that can be maximally inspired above the normal inspiration
3000 |
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Term
| Expiratory REserve Volume (ERV) |
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Definition
volume of air that can be maximally exhaled beyond the normal expiration
1000 mL |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration
1000 ML |
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Term
Inspiratory Capacity
(IC) |
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Definition
Vt + IRV; volume of air that can be maximally inspired from a normal expiration
3,500 mL |
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Term
| Functionally residual capacity (FRC) |
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Definition
RV +ERV; volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration
2,000 mL |
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Term
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Definition
Vt + IRV + ERV; volume of air that can be maximally expired after a maximal inspiration
4,500 |
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Term
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Definition
VT+irv+erv+rc; volume of air that the lungs can hold with maximal inspiration
5,500-6,000 mL |
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Term
| respiratory rate or frequency (f) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
volume of air expired per minute
5-10 L |
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Term
| Dead space ventilation (VD) anatomic dead soace + alveolar dead space |
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Definition
volume or percent of sinpired air that is not involved in gas exchange
normal is .4
if it's greater than .6 intubation is needed |
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Term
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Definition
VT-Vd; volume of air that is involved in alveolar gas exchange
350 mL |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air in a forcced maximal expiration
4500 mL |
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Term
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Definition
volume of air exhaled in a given time period
> 75% i snormal |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of inspired air that doesn't participate in gas exchange |
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