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Pathophysiology Test 2
Cardiovascular and Respiratory
86
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
03/06/2011

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Cards

Term
Primary Determinants of Blood Pressure
Definition
Blood Volume
Cardiac Output
Peripheral Resistance
Term
2 Types of Hypertension
Definition
Primary
Secondary
Term
Most common type of hypertension has no known cause
Definition
Primary (Essential) Hypertension
Term
Causes for this Hypertension are:
Systemic Disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output
Medications
Related to physiological event (pregnancy)
Definition
Secondary Hypertension : If cause is identified and removed prior to permanent structural changes occurring, blood pressure can return to normal.
Term
Enlargement of the heart, primarily as a consequence of the concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, is the principal consequence of hypertension.
Definition
Cardiomegaly: The thickness of the left ventricle from a normal thickness of 1.2 cm to 2.5 cm, all muscle fibers will be thickened. Thus myocardial fibrosis is a common histological finding in cardiomegaly.
Term
Hypertension damages the aorta, major and minor arteries, and arterioles. Hypertension accelerates the development of atherosclerosis.
Definition
Vascular Pathology
Term
Vascular changes in the brain that usually cause acute of chronic cerebral ischemia.
Definition
Hypertensive encephalopathy: such damage to brain can be detected with a histological examination of the brain.
Term
May impair vision and can eventually cause blindness. Retinal changes are among the first sign of hypertension. This why eye examinations are so important.
Definition
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Term
Complications of Hypertension
Definition
Cardiomegaly
Vascular Pathology
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Hypertensive Retinopathy
Term
A systemic, immunologically mediated disease related to streptococcal infections.
Can affect the heart and several other organs such as joints, skin, and CNS.
Definition
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)
Term
RHD is what kind of carditis
Definition
RHD is a pancarditis which means it involves all the layers of the heart and thus may present as endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis, or all of these conditions.
Term
Inflammation of the internal surface lining of the heart chambers.
Definition
Endocarditis
Term
Infections affecting the myocardium are typically caused by viruses, such as coxsackie B virus, or parasite such as Toxoplasmas gondii or Trypanosoma cruzi.
Definition
Myocarditis
Term
Inflammation of the pericardium and epicardium. Typically caused by bacteria and viruses.
Definition
Pericarditis: always associated with exudation of fluid into the pericardial sac and such fluid is usually accompanied by viral infections.
Term
Fluid in the pericardial sac
Definition
Serous Percarditis: clear and yellow
Serofibrinous exudate: associated with more severe damage and in those with RF or early bacterial infection.
Purulent exudate- a hallmark of bacterial infections ad is caused by pus forming bacteria, such as staphylococci, and streptococci.
Term
An immunologic reaction to streptococci that affects the joints and heart.
Definition
Rheumatic Fever
Term
Used to describe a group of diseases affecting the myocardium of the heart.
Definition
Cardiomyopathy
Term
Type of cardiomyopathy
Definition
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
read pg 163
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Term
The most important disease affecting the blood vessels
Definition
Atherosclerosis
Term
The only hope for patients with a cardiomyopathy is?
Definition
Heart transplant
Term
Pericarditis may be isolated but it is most often associated with other infections of the heart, such as myocarditis.
Definition
Term
pre hypertension
Definition
120-39 systolic 80-89 diastolic
Term
Stage 1 hypertension
Definition
140-159 systolic
90-99 diastolic
Term
Stage 2 Hypertension
Definition
greater than 159 systolic
greater than 99 diastolic
Term
amount of blood discharged from our body per minute
Definition
Cardiac Output
Term
High BP can cause blurred vision, facial flushing, and Headaches
Definition
Term
many joints become inflammed
Definition
polyarthritis
Term
neurological disorder with lessions on on the brain causes involuntary movements
Definition
chorea
Term
Consists of aggregates of lymphocytes and macrophages around a central zone of fibrinoid necrosis. Destroy the myocardium. may cause arrhythmias or cardiac conduction problems
Definition
Aschoff Bodies
Term
Inadequate alveolar ventilation to meet metabolic demands causes drugs, alcohol, sedation, obesity, anesthesia
Definition
Hypoventilation
Term
Increased rate and depth respiration; exceeding metabolic demands. causes anxiety
Definition
Hyperventilation
Term
Increased CO2 in the blood causes due to depressed respirations
Definition
Hypercapnia
Term
Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
Definition
Hypoxemia
Term
Reduced oxygenation of the tissues
Definition
Hypoxia
Term
Serum PH below 7.35
Definition
Acidosis
Term
Serum PH above 7.45
Definition
Alkalosis
Term
PH
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
po2
Definition
80-100 mm/Hg
Term
pCo2
Definition
35-45 meq/l
Term
HCO3
Definition
22-26 meq/l
Term
fluid in pulmonary spaces
Definition
crackles
Term
fluid in pulmonary spaces
Definition
crackles
Term
constriction of airways with inspiration and expiration
Definition
wheezes
Term
Normal Breathing pattern
Definition
Eupnea
Term
Fast respiratory rate with small tidal volumes
Definition
Tachypnea
Term
feeling of shortness of breath difficulty breathing
Definition
Dyspnea
Term
Shortness of breath that awakens one
Definition
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Term
Dyspnea when in lying position
Definition
Orthopnea
Term
Blueness of the lips and mucous membranes
Definition
Central Cyanosis
Term
Blueness of tissues in the fingers and toes
Definition
Peripheral cyanosis
Term
Blueness of the lips and mucous membranes
Definition
Central Cyanosis
Term
How to test for TB
Definition
Chest x ray and Sputum culture/nucleic acid amplification
Term
Typical symptoms of Pneumonia
Definition
Fever
Chills
Cough (going to have exudate)
Sputum Production
Tachypnea
Adventitious lung sounds (crackles)
Pleuritic Chest Pain
Fatigue and loss of appetite
Term
Cyclic pain that increases as the inflamed membrane is stretched with inspiration or cough
Definition
Pleuritic chest pain
Term
breathing deep and shallow along with apnea
Definition
Cheyne Stokes
Term
Desaturated circulating hemoglobin- develops when 5gm of hemoglobin are desaturated
Definition
Cyanosis
Term
blue bloater
Definition
predominant bronchitis
Term
pink puffer
Definition
predominant with emphysema
Term
An enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls.
Definition
Emphysema
Term
Results in prolonged bouts of coughing expectoration of tenacious or purulent mucus and dyspnea
Definition
Chronic bronchitis
Term
Marked by widening of the airspace in the center of a lobule and involves predominately the respiratory bronchioles.
Definition
Centrilobular Emphysema
Term
COPD
Definition
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Term
Sudden hoarseness cherry red in coloring
Definition
Epigoltitis
Term
How pneumonia gets into lungs
Definition
Inhaled droplets from nasopharynx
Inhaled bacteria from GI tract
Aspiration of solid particles
Term
Infectious organism causing Tuberculosis
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Term
Most prevalent infectious disease killer worldwide
Definition
Tuberculosis
Term
Lungs collapse
Definition
Atelactasis
Term
Causes of Atelactasis
Definition
Surfactant deficiency
Compression
Resorption distal to bronchial obstruction
Term
Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure
Definition
paO2 less than 50 mmHg
paco2 more than 50 mmHg
Acidosis with PH 7.25 or below
Term
Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF)
Definition
Dyspnea
Abnormal Lung sounds
Decreased LOC
Restlessness
Term
How to diagnose ARF
Definition
Chest x-ray
Arterial Blood Gases (ABG)
Term
A disease characterized by increased responsiveness of the bronchial tree to a variety of stimuli. Typically are marked by wheezing during expiration, cough, and dyspnea
Definition
Asthma
Term
Type 1 hypersensitivity typically involved with children and is caused by exogenous allergens often associated with other allergies such as atopic dermatitis or hay fever
Definition
Extrinsic Asthma
Term
Caused by a nonspecific hyperactivity typically involved with adults and would not produce symptoms if it were not for hyperreactivity of the bronchial tissues. Persistent inflammation
Definition
Intrinsic Asthma
Term
Symptoms of Asthma
Definition
Productive Couch
Wheezing in lungs dyspnea (smooth muscle increases in size contributing to broncho constriction
Tachypnea
Diaphoresis
Cyanosis
Term
large area of alveoli with broken down walls
Definition
bullae
Term
COPD symptoms
Definition
Barrel Chest
Finger Clubbing
Dyspnea with exertion
Pursed lip breathing
Wheezing
Term
multisystemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology
Definition
Sarcoidosis
Term
Immune disorder caused by repeated inhalation of foreign antigens has acute and chronic condition
Definition
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Term
Mediated by by T lymphocytes and is characterized by cell mediated reaction.
Definition
Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Term
Lung diseases caused by inhalation of mineral dusts, fumes, and various organic or inorganic particulate matter.
Definition
pneumoconioses
Term
Most common disease caused form Pneumoconioses
Definition
Silicosis
Asbestosis
Term
A lung disease caused by inhalation of small silica crystal which are inhaled during stone cutting, mining, and sand blasting
Definition
Silicosis
Term
Four lung lessions that have been linked to asbestos exposure
Definition
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Pleural fibrosis and pleural plaque
Lung Cancer
Mesothelioma
Term
Factors of Blood Volume
Definition
age
body size
sex
Term
hormone secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney
Definition
Renin
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