Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| laboured or difficult respirations |
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Term
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Definition
| relief of dyspnea by moving into an upright or sitting position |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cheynne-Stokes respirations (CSR) |
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Definition
| Gradual increase in rapidity of respirations, followed by a decrease rapidity, then total cessation for 5-50 seconds |
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Term
| diseases associated with Cheynne-Stokes respirations |
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Definition
| Kidney failure, heart disease, asthma, increased intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive snoring followed by multiple apnoea (apnoea lasting for at least 10 seconds) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability/failure to recommence respirations after period of apnoea |
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Term
| paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea |
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Definition
| a person suddenly awakens due to acute dyspnoea |
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Term
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Definition
| respirations that are deep and sighing |
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Term
| diseases associated with Kussmaul's |
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Definition
| metabolic acidosis eg. diabetic ketoacidosis and renal failure |
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Term
| define croup and who it affects |
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Definition
| upper respiratory tract is acutely inflamed. Affects children from age of 6 moths- 5 years |
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Term
| list at least 3 viral causes of croup |
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Definition
| parainfluenza, influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus & measles |
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Term
| 2 causes of bacterial croup |
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Definition
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Term
| region where croup attacks |
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Definition
| subgloittic region: lower portion of the larynx. Region is located from under the vocal cords to the top of the trachea |
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Term
| pathway and clinical manifestations of croup |
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Definition
| increased susceptibility (eg. rhinorrea, fever and a sore throat, also age) -> viral or bacterial invasion -> inflammation of subglottic region -> region narrows (inflammatory response) -> increased work of breathing -> audible stridor, baking cough, strider at rest, tachypnoea and skin retraction during inspiration -> cyanosis (in severe cases) |
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Term
| clinical manifestations of croup |
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Definition
inflammation of subglottic region causes narrowing. Making work of breathing difficult.
Clinical manifestations: barkin cough, stridor at rest, audible stridor (high pitched hoarse sounds), tachypnoea and skin retraction on inspirations |
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Term
| 5 treatments/interventions for croup management |
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Definition
relieve dysnopea with air that is cool and/or moist,
breath steamy air, use of anti-inflammatory agents (corticosteroids, analgesic and anti-inflammatories), use of aerosols (inhalers) to dilate airways, oxygen therapy in severe cases (hospitalisations) |
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Term
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Definition
| acute inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| functional parts of the organ |
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Term
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Definition
| structural parts of an organ |
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Term
| list at least 3 causative organisms of pnemonia (community acquired) |
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Definition
| streptococcus pneumonaie, mycoplasma pnemoniae, haemophilus influnzae, respiratory viruses, chlamydia pneumonae |
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Term
| list at least 2 hospital aquired pneumonia causative organisms |
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Definition
| pseudomonas aeruginosa, e-coli, stapylococcus aureus, enterobacter |
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Term
| 2 types of pneumonia and describe |
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Definition
1) lobar pneumonia: affects entire lobe
2) bronchopneumonia: infection scattered along bronchial tree |
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Term
| 2 definitions of opportunistic pneumonia |
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Definition
1) already have a low immune response
2) malnutrition |
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Term
| 3 pathophysiology stages of pneumonia after infection |
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Definition
1) congestion
2) red hepatisation
3) grey hepatisation |
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Term
| pathway of pneumonia pathophysiology |
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Definition
| entry of causative organism through alveoli -> pathogen replicates -> inflammation -> congestion: inflammation process causes alveoli to fill with water and exudate -> red hepatisation: dilation of capillaries allow WBC (neutrophils, monocytes), RBCs and fibrin to migrate alveoli -> grey hepatisation: decrease blood flow to lungs. WBCs and fibrin localised in affected area -> resolution: healing if no complications |
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Term
| 4 nursing interventions for pneumonia |
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Definition
monitor vital signs (TPR, O2 sat, BP)
Position in semi-fowler
encourage slow deep breaths
postural drainage: encourage cough |
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Term
| list at least five complications of pneumonia |
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Definition
| pleurisy (causes chest pain), atelectasis (collapsed airless alveoli), delayed healing process, lung abscesses (especially from staphylococcus Aureus infections), empyema (accumadation of exudate in pleural cavity), necrosis of lungs, sepsis (systemic spread of infection causing pericarditis, arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis), worse scenario: respiratory failure |
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Term
| definition of pulmonary tuberculosis |
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Definition
| chronic, highly contagious lung infection characterised by tubercles in the lung. It can progress to tissues outside of lungs and pleurae |
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Term
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Definition
| bacterial: mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli |
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Term
| mode of transmission for TB |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pathophysiology pathway of latent TB infection |
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Definition
| inhaled mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli inhaled -> multiply in lung tissue -> inflammation of luns -> alveolar neutrophils and macrophages are activated to engulf mycobacterium -> macrophages build walls around mycobacterium -> stops spread -> process forms granulomatous lesions (tubercles) -> formation of lung tissue necrosis from dead infected tissues -> ~10 days: macrophage work complete and scar tissues formed -> immunity developed -> ASYMPTOMATIC |
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Term
| pathophysiology of active TB |
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Definition
| mycobacterium not sealed off by macrophage -> mycobacterium multiplication -> inflammation -> formation of necrotic lung tissue -> tubercles forms and spread throughout lung -> can spread and affect glands, bones, meninges and kidneys |
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Term
| list at least 2 diagnostic test for TB |
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Definition
| mantoux test, chest x-ray, x3 positve sputum cultures, blood test showing interfon gamma (immune response to TB) |
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Term
| list at least 5 clinical manifestations of active TB |
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Definition
| cough persistent for at least 3 weeks, chest pain, haemoptysis (coughing up of blood), fatigue, weight loss, poor appetite, chills, fever, sweat at night |
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Term
| infectious vs non-infectious TB |
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Definition
latent: not infectious
active: infectious |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| name at least 3 drugs for tuberculosis treatment |
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Definition
anti-tubercular drugs:
isoniazid
rifampin
pyrazinamide
ethambutol
streptomycin
capreomycin |
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Term
| define restrictive pulmonary disorders |
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Definition
| lung tissue ability to stretch is reduced that restricts breathing |
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Term
| factors inside lungs causing restrictive pulmonary disorders |
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Definition
| fibosis (scarring), inflammation |
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Term
| factors outside lungs causing restrictive pulmonary disorders |
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Definition
| pain from pleurisy or injury |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pleura (membrane surrounding the lungs) |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced surface area of lungs caused by rupture or other damage to alveoli. There is an abnormal enlargement of the gas exchange airways and loss of elastic recoil. Accompanied by alveolar wall destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| spasms of the airways + oedema and increased mucus production |
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Term
| define chronic bronchitis |
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Definition
| chronic inflammation of the bronchioles |
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Term
| 4 types of obstructive pulmonary disorders |
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Definition
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic bronchitis
emphysema
asthma |
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Term
| substances that may cause occlusion of the pulmonary vascular bed (5) |
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Definition
| thrombus, embolus, tissue fragment, lipids or an air bubble |
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Term
| most common area that a pulmonary emboli may arise from |
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Definition
| deep veins in the legs and pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
| slow blood flow from veins |
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Term
| biological predisposing factors contributing to thrombus and occlusion of embolus (3) |
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Definition
| venous stasis, hyper coagulability and injuries to endothelial cells lining the blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| blood clot that is formed and remains in the blood vessels (http://www.umassmed.edu/strokestop/module_one/thrombus_embolus.html) |
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Term
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Definition
| large particle in the bloodstream that will eventually occlude a narrower lumen of the blood vessels. May an air air bubble, lipids, bits of plaque and is most often a thrombus (http://www.umassmed.edu/strokestop/module_one/thrombus_embolus.html) |
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Term
| list at least 5 clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism |
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Definition
| dyspneoa, tachypneoea, chest pain, shock, systemic hypotension, decreased CO, decreased PaO2, pulmonary infarction, increased dead space |
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Term
| Define and describe cor pulmonae |
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Definition
| a pulmonary heart disease. Right ventricular enlargement. |
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Term
| describe how for pulmonae is secondary to another condition |
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Definition
| Secondary to pulmonary hypertension as it creates chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation/ perfusion difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally persistant dilation of bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| air or gas leaked into the pleural space |
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Term
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Definition
| partial or complete collapse of lungs. Alveoli become deflated |
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