Term
| The nervous system controls what? |
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Definition
Muscle contraction
Organ function
Endocrine function |
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Term
| The 2 major parts of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 majors parts of the PNS? |
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Definition
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves |
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Term
| Where does the afferent pathway go? |
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Definition
| Takes information to the CNS (brain & spinal cord) |
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Term
| Where does the efferent pathway go? |
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Definition
| Taking information OUT of the CNS to the organs, nerves, muscles, glands |
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Term
| Which nervous system is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? |
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Definition
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| Somatic nervous system is under what type of control? |
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Definition
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Term
| The autonomic nervous system is under what control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the ANS? |
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| What type of cells make up the blood-brain barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Provide nutrition, structural support, remove debris, remove invading microorganisms, storing information, speed of processing info |
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Term
| Can neuroglia undergo mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cell type produces CNS myeline? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do epindymal cells produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells are the macrophages of the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| clumps in the endoplasmic reticulum of the ribosome in the neuron, important role in protein synthesis |
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Term
| What is the function of a dendrite? |
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Definition
| Take impulses away from cell body, transmit impulse to soma |
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Term
|
Definition
| transmits impulse to next cell, impulse travels AWAY from soma |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nerve cell body, contains nucleus and nissl bodies |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential charge? |
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Definition
| Slightly negative - cytoplasm slightly negative compared to extracellular fluid |
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Term
| The RMP of large nerve fibers is approximately #? |
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Definition
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Term
| During depolarization the charge of the inside of the cell is? |
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Definition
| More positive from positively charged Na+ entering cell |
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Term
| What channel closes and what channel opens in repolarization? |
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Definition
| Na+ voltage gated channels close and K+ gated channels open |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Away from (or I think of it as Exit, with an E) |
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Definition
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Term
| Flow of gap junctions in nervous system |
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Definition
| Very fast, bidirectional, electrical current between cells |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where are neurotransmitters stored? |
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Definition
| vesicles in the pre-synaptic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the pre-synaptic neuron carries impulses ___ the synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| the post-synaptic neuron carries action potentials ___ from the synapse |
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Definition
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Term
| Voltage gated calcium channels open in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance binds with neurotransmitter release sites in the pre-synaptic neuron? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where are neurotransmitters released from? |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory receptors open? |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitatory receptors block ___ from getting out? |
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Definition
| Potassium, so membrane potential is maintained |
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Term
| Excitatory receptors block ___ from getting in? |
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Definition
| Chloride, so the inside of the cell membrane does not get more negative |
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Term
| Excitatory receptors increase the chance of what happening? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| whether an action potential occurs depending on the number and frequencies of potentials the post synaptic neuron receives. |
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Term
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Definition
| • the time relationship or the effects of successive and rapid impulses received from a single neuron in the same synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| • a spacing effect or the combined effects of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse at the same time |
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Term
| Myelin sheath is produce by ___ in the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelin sheath in produced by ___ in the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is saltatory conduction? |
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Definition
| Impulses in the PNS jump from the myelin sheath of one Node of Ravier to the next |
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Term
| Neural crest cells become? |
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Definition
| Sensory & motor neurons of the PNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| CSF to be formed inside the neural tube. |
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Term
| Bilateral loss of pupil response means? |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to the optic or oculomotor nerve would be shown by? |
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Definition
| Unilateral loss of pupil response |
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Term
| What does cranial nerve III control? |
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Definition
| Occulomotor. Efferent messages going out of the brain to the eye. |
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Term
| What does cranial nerve II control? |
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Definition
| Optic. Messages going from the eye to the brain afferently. |
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Term
| What is a consensual response? |
|
Definition
| Shining light in one eye also causes the other eye to constrict |
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Term
| When you turn your head to the left, your eyes should naturally deviate to what direction? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you turn your head to the left and your eyes also deviate left is this normal? If not, what is it called? |
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Definition
| No. And it's called Doll's eyes. |
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Term
| When you perform the cold caloric test, what is a normal response? |
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Definition
| Normally the eyes will jiggle and experience nystagmus |
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Term
| If the eyes do not show nystagmus during the cold caloric test, what is it indicative of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Primitive reflexes include? |
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Definition
| Grasping, sucking, snout reflex, palmomental reflex. |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of cerebral death? |
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Definition
| Can carry out survival processes but cannot react to environment. Voluntary motor response is altered. Recognition is diminished. |
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Term
| Absence of responsiveness, pupillary reflex, corneal reflex, and respiratory effort characterizes what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do alpha receptors work via the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| True or false: Alpha receptors decrease vasoconstriction |
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Definition
| False. They increase vasoconstriction, making blood vessels tighter in fight or flight mode. |
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Term
| Characteristics of brain stem death? |
|
Definition
| Apnea, cannot maintain internal homeostasis, absence of motor and and reflex responses |
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Term
| Brain damage that shows no behavioral or environmental response but normal respiratory and cardiovascular function? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of cerebral death shows consciousness but voluntary muscles cannot move? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are those in persistent vegetative state capable of? |
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Definition
| Can blink, breathe, show random emotion, circulatory function, go through sleep-wake cycle, move limbs. |
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Term
| What have those in persistent vegetative state lost? |
|
Definition
| All cognitive function, awareness of surroundings and self. |
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Term
| what type of seizure lasts more than 30 minutes and happens right after a first seizure? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What seizure phase has muscles contracting and brief apnea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in clonic phase of seizures? |
|
Definition
Muscle contraction and relaxation alternates
inhibition of excitation |
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|
Term
| Consequence of ATP in seizures? |
|
Definition
| seizures require more ATP usage than what can be produced |
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Term
| Where do partial seizures begin and where can they go? |
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Definition
| Begin in “focal” area of cerebral cortex. Happen on one side, but they can progress to the other. |
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Term
| Where do generalized seizures begin? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What part of the brain is progressively failing in dementia? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Disease characterized by progressive dementia, and chorea/uncontrolled movement? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Disease that shows postural abnormalities, rigidity and bradykenesia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Deficient hormone in Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are the neurons of the CNS electrical or chemical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Brocca's area and what does it enable you to do? |
|
Definition
| Frontal lobe. Express yourself with the correct words, produce speech |
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Term
| What does Wernicke's area do? |
|
Definition
| Interprets speech and gives meanings to words |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cannot recognize familiar objects or faces |
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Term
|
Definition
| Total or partial loss of ability to communicate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Absences, loss or decline in voluntary muscle movements |
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Term
|
Definition
Excitatory
Brain and Spinal Cord
Adrenal Gland |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Inhibitory
Stimulate opiate receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
Inhibitory
Brain & Spinal cord |
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|
Term
| Are adenine and guanine pyrimidines or purines? |
|
Definition
| Purines (Pattillos way to remember - purina dog food is Ag) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DNA adenine pairs with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in DNA guanine pairs with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic information is “transcribed” from DNA to RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
protein molecule formed
mRNA moves through ribosome
delivers correct codons to RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Carries genetic code (DNA) from nucleus to cytoplasm
Provides template for protein synthesis (proteins put together) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries amino acids to (site of protein synthesis) ribosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Site of protein molecule assembly |
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|
Term
| If the DNA base is adenine, what RNA base matches up with it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the RNA base in a pair is adenine, what is the DNA base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic cells reproducing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germ cells replicate genetic information, divide, and then each daughter cell has half. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
males with polysomy X
altered secondary sex characteristics, normal intellect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monosomy X
females w/short stature, no secondary sex characteristics, generally normal intelligence |
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|
Term
| Trisomy 21 (3 chromosomes of the 21st chromosome) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Down syndrome non-facial traits |
|
Definition
| Congenital heart defects, low IQ, Increased risk acute leukemia, GI malformations |
|
|
Term
| Down syndrome facial features |
|
Definition
• Eyes slant up
• Low-set ears
• Fat pad on neck, behind head
• Tongue protrudes
•Flattened face
•Small nose |
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