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Pathophysiology Midterm
Pathophysiology Midterm
104
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2011

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Term
The nervous system controls what?
Definition
Muscle contraction
Organ function
Endocrine function
Term
The 2 major parts of the CNS?
Definition
Spinal cord
Brain
Term
The 2 majors parts of the PNS?
Definition
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Term
Where does the afferent pathway go?
Definition
Takes information to the CNS (brain & spinal cord)
Term
Where does the efferent pathway go?
Definition
Taking information OUT of the CNS to the organs, nerves, muscles, glands
Term
Which nervous system is made up of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Definition
Peripheral nervous system
Term
Somatic nervous system is under what type of control?
Definition
Voluntary control
Term
The autonomic nervous system is under what control?
Definition
Involuntary control
Term
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
What type of cells make up the blood-brain barrier?
Definition
Astroglia cells
Term
Function of neuroglia?
Definition
Provide nutrition, structural support, remove debris, remove invading microorganisms, storing information, speed of processing info
Term
Can neuroglia undergo mitosis?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What cell type produces CNS myeline?
Definition
Oligodendroglia
Term
What do epindymal cells produce?
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
What cells are the macrophages of the CNS?
Definition
Microglia
Term
What are nissl bodies?
Definition
clumps in the endoplasmic reticulum of the ribosome in the neuron, important role in protein synthesis
Term
What is the function of a dendrite?
Definition
Take impulses away from cell body, transmit impulse to soma
Term
Function of an axon?
Definition
transmits impulse to next cell, impulse travels AWAY from soma
Term
What is a soma?
Definition
Nerve cell body, contains nucleus and nissl bodies
Term
Resting membrane potential charge?
Definition
Slightly negative - cytoplasm slightly negative compared to extracellular fluid
Term
The RMP of large nerve fibers is approximately #?
Definition
-90mv
Term
During depolarization the charge of the inside of the cell is?
Definition
More positive from positively charged Na+ entering cell
Term
What channel closes and what channel opens in repolarization?
Definition
Na+ voltage gated channels close and K+ gated channels open
Term
Towards
Definition
Afferent
Term
Away from (or I think of it as Exit, with an E)
Definition
Efferent.
Term
Flow of gap junctions in nervous system
Definition
Very fast, bidirectional, electrical current between cells
Term
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the...
Definition
pre-synaptic neuron
Term
Where are neurotransmitters stored?
Definition
vesicles in the pre-synaptic neuron
Term
Where are NTs released?
Definition
synaptic cleft
Term
Location of NT receptor?
Definition
post-synaptic neuron
Term
the pre-synaptic neuron carries impulses ___ the synapse
Definition
toward
Term
the post-synaptic neuron carries action potentials ___ from the synapse
Definition
away
Term
Voltage gated calcium channels open in?
Definition
Pre-synaptic neuron
Term
What substance binds with neurotransmitter release sites in the pre-synaptic neuron?
Definition
Calcium
Term
Where are neurotransmitters released from?
Definition
Pre-synaptic membrane
Term
Excitatory receptors open?
Definition
Sodium channels
Term
Excitatory receptors block ___ from getting out?
Definition
Potassium, so membrane potential is maintained
Term
Excitatory receptors block ___ from getting in?
Definition
Chloride, so the inside of the cell membrane does not get more negative
Term
Excitatory receptors increase the chance of what happening?
Definition
depolarization
Term
Summation?
Definition
whether an action potential occurs depending on the number and frequencies of potentials the post synaptic neuron receives.
Term
Temporal summation
Definition
• the time relationship or the effects of successive and rapid impulses received from a single neuron in the same synapse
Term
Spatial summation
Definition
• a spacing effect or the combined effects of impulses from a number of neurons on a single synapse at the same time
Term
Myelin sheath is produce by ___ in the CNS?
Definition
Oligodendroglia
Term
Myelin sheath in produced by ___ in the PNS?
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
What is saltatory conduction?
Definition
Impulses in the PNS jump from the myelin sheath of one Node of Ravier to the next
Term
Neural crest cells become?
Definition
Sensory & motor neurons of the PNS
Term
Ependymal cells cause?
Definition
CSF to be formed inside the neural tube.
Term
Bilateral loss of pupil response means?
Definition
Brain stem lesion
Term
Damage to the optic or oculomotor nerve would be shown by?
Definition
Unilateral loss of pupil response
Term
What does cranial nerve III control?
Definition
Occulomotor. Efferent messages going out of the brain to the eye.
Term
What does cranial nerve II control?
Definition
Optic. Messages going from the eye to the brain afferently.
Term
What is a consensual response?
Definition
Shining light in one eye also causes the other eye to constrict
Term
When you turn your head to the left, your eyes should naturally deviate to what direction?
Definition
The right.
Term
If you turn your head to the left and your eyes also deviate left is this normal? If not, what is it called?
Definition
No. And it's called Doll's eyes.
Term
When you perform the cold caloric test, what is a normal response?
Definition
Normally the eyes will jiggle and experience nystagmus
Term
If the eyes do not show nystagmus during the cold caloric test, what is it indicative of?
Definition
Cerebral cortex damage
Term
Primitive reflexes include?
Definition
Grasping, sucking, snout reflex, palmomental reflex.
Term
What are some characteristics of cerebral death?
Definition
Can carry out survival processes but cannot react to environment. Voluntary motor response is altered. Recognition is diminished.
Term
Absence of responsiveness, pupillary reflex, corneal reflex, and respiratory effort characterizes what?
Definition
Brain death
Term
Do alpha receptors work via the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system?
Definition
Sympathetic
Term
True or false: Alpha receptors decrease vasoconstriction
Definition
False. They increase vasoconstriction, making blood vessels tighter in fight or flight mode.
Term
Characteristics of brain stem death?
Definition
Apnea, cannot maintain internal homeostasis, absence of motor and and reflex responses
Term
Brain damage that shows no behavioral or environmental response but normal respiratory and cardiovascular function?
Definition
Cerebral death.
Term
What type of cerebral death shows consciousness but voluntary muscles cannot move?
Definition
Locked-in syndrome
Term
What are those in persistent vegetative state capable of?
Definition
Can blink, breathe, show random emotion, circulatory function, go through sleep-wake cycle, move limbs.
Term
What have those in persistent vegetative state lost?
Definition
All cognitive function, awareness of surroundings and self.
Term
what type of seizure lasts more than 30 minutes and happens right after a first seizure?
Definition
Status epilepticus
Term
What seizure phase has muscles contracting and brief apnea?
Definition
Tonic phase
Term
What happens in clonic phase of seizures?
Definition
Muscle contraction and relaxation alternates
inhibition of excitation
Term
Consequence of ATP in seizures?
Definition
seizures require more ATP usage than what can be produced
Term
Where do partial seizures begin and where can they go?
Definition
Begin in “focal” area of cerebral cortex. Happen on one side, but they can progress to the other.
Term
Where do generalized seizures begin?
Definition
Deep brain areas
Term
What part of the brain is progressively failing in dementia?
Definition
cerebral function
Term
Disease characterized by progressive dementia, and chorea/uncontrolled movement?
Definition
Huntington's disease
Term
Disease that shows postural abnormalities, rigidity and bradykenesia?
Definition
Parkinson's disease
Term
Deficient hormone in Parkinson's disease?
Definition
Dopamine
Term
Are the neurons of the CNS electrical or chemical?
Definition
Electrical
Term
Where is Brocca's area and what does it enable you to do?
Definition
Frontal lobe. Express yourself with the correct words, produce speech
Term
What does Wernicke's area do?
Definition
Interprets speech and gives meanings to words
Term
Agnosia
Definition
Cannot recognize familiar objects or faces
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Total or partial loss of ability to communicate
Term
Akinesia
Definition
Absences, loss or decline in voluntary muscle movements
Term
Nitric Oxide
Definition
Excitatory
Brain and Spinal Cord
Adrenal Gland
Term
Endorphins
Definition
Inhibitory
Stimulate opiate receptors
Term
GABA
Definition
Inhibitory
Brain & Spinal cord
Term
Are adenine and guanine pyrimidines or purines?
Definition
Purines (Pattillos way to remember - purina dog food is Ag)
Term
Pyramidines are?
Definition
Cytosine and thymine
Term
in DNA adenine pairs with?
Definition
Thymine
Term
in DNA guanine pairs with?
Definition
Cytosine
Term
Transcription is?
Definition
Genetic information is “transcribed” from DNA to RNA
Term
Translation?
Definition
protein molecule formed
mRNA moves through ribosome
delivers correct codons to RNA
Term
in RNA, uracil replaces?
Definition
thymine
Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
Carries genetic code (DNA) from nucleus to cytoplasm
Provides template for protein synthesis (proteins put together)
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
Carries amino acids to (site of protein synthesis) ribosome
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
Site of protein molecule assembly
Term
If the DNA base is adenine, what RNA base matches up with it?
Definition
uracil
Term
If the RNA base in a pair is adenine, what is the DNA base?
Definition
thymine
Term
Somatic cells reproducing
Definition
mitosis
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Germ cells replicate genetic information, divide, and then each daughter cell has half.
Term
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Definition
males with polysomy X
altered secondary sex characteristics, normal intellect
Term
Turner’s syndrome
Definition
monosomy X
females w/short stature, no secondary sex characteristics, generally normal intelligence
Term
Trisomy 21 (3 chromosomes of the 21st chromosome)
Definition
Down syndrome
Term
Down syndrome non-facial traits
Definition
Congenital heart defects, low IQ, Increased risk acute leukemia, GI malformations
Term
Down syndrome facial features
Definition
• Eyes slant up
• Low-set ears
• Fat pad on neck, behind head
• Tongue protrudes
•Flattened face
•Small nose
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