Term
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Definition
the sequence of events that lead to a disease
begins with the etiology |
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Term
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Definition
the changes in the body/ organs that reflect the disease
what is actually happening to the person |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| study of diseases in populations |
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Term
| primary prevention of a disease |
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Definition
| stop the disease before it starts, vaccines, life style changes, stop the causes of the disease |
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Term
| secondary prevention of a disease |
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Definition
| actions taken to detect the disease early and stop progression, mammograms, pap smears, tb skin tests |
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Term
| tertiary prevention of a disease |
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Definition
| clinical interventions to stop the course of a disease and prevent complications |
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Term
| Nursing’s Goal in Pathophysiology |
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Definition
1. recognize there is an abnormality
2. understand etiology
3. understand pathogenesis and course
4. utilize prevention
5. understand and implement treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, metabolism, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, communication |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasm within the cell membrane, outside the nucleus === water, protein, CHOs |
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Term
| Electrolyte Levels in the Blood |
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Definition
Na+= 135-145 mg/ dl
K-= 3.5-5 mg/dl
Ph in cell= 7.2 , in blood= 7.35-7.45 |
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Term
| Membrane Proteins ( Receptors) |
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Definition
| Activate Cells, Antigens so the immune system does not destroy itself, adhesion to other cells, attach to cytoskeleton, |
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Term
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Definition
| NO ENERGY, differences on sides of membranes, always moves downhill |
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Term
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Definition
| movement from higher--> lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water and solutes through the membrane because the pushing power on one side is stronger then the other side |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of WATER down a concentration gradient, from high --> low |
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Term
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Definition
| concentration of particles per weight of water |
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Term
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Definition
movement of water OR solute into the cell, must be lipid soluble to get through by-layer ( small , no charge)
**O2, urea, CO2, N** |
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Term
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Definition
water filled channel formed by proteins, any small CHARGED molecule, only DOWN gradient
Na+ --> IN
K- --> OUT |
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Term
| Mediated Transport System |
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Definition
passive or active, HIGHLY SPECIALIZED
GLUCOSE = passive
Na+ --> active |
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Term
| Passive Facilitated Diffusion |
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Definition
passive, down the gradient, transported with the help of a protein--> SPECIFIC
GLUCOSE --> into cells |
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Term
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Definition
energy required
Exo/Endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Against the gradient, in and out at ONE time,
symport--> 2 molecules in same direction
antiport--> 2 molecules in opposite direction |
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Term
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Definition
constantly pumping out Na+
3 Na+ and 2 K- move for every molecule of ATP |
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Term
| Receptors on the membranes |
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Definition
Ion-linked--> muscles, nerves
G-linkied--> on off receptors
Enzyme linked--> hormones |
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Term
| Cell to Cell Communication - 6 types |
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Definition
Hormonal - body wide- travels in blood
Paracrine--> local message, within small group of cells
Autocrine --> to itself
Neurotransmitter--> between neurons
Neural- neurotransmitter triggers electrical transmisson
Neurohormone- nerve to gland to target |
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Term
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Definition
process to create ATP
from glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, can not store much, needs to constantly be produced |
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Term
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Definition
splitting glucose in the cytoplasm,
end product ==pryuvate ( enters Kreb)AND 2 ATP |
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Term
| Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's) |
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Definition
PRODUCES --> acetyl CoA, 2 ATP, NAD and FAD, CO
happens in mitochondria |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport) |
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Definition
Aerobic, uses NAD and FAD
PRODUCES 32 molecules of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| template for protein synthesis, produced by transcription , 3 bases pairs make a codon |
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Term
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Definition
| carries amino acids to ribosomes, 2 receptor sites one for protein one for codon |
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Term
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Definition
| on ribosomes on the rough ER, directs tRNA to right amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
protein synthesis mRNA passes through ribosome, acts as template for amino acids to be added by tRNA
creates sequences of amino acids becoming a protein DA |
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Term
| Specialized Cell junctions |
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Definition
cells need to adhere together for the formation of organs and tissue
- desmosomes- bands/belts
-Tight junction- barrier to diffusion, prevents molecules from passing through
- gap junctions- clusters of communicating tunnels |
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Term
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Definition
| holds organs in place and fluid transport |
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Term
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Definition
Irregular- dermis of skin
Regular- tendons, ligaments, |
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Term
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Definition
lack of oxygen causes:
- decreased O2 in air
-blocked vessels
-decreased Hbg
- lung problems
- circulation problems
-poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
| immune system destroys own tissues |
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Term
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Definition
- hypoxia
- physical agents
-infectious agents
- immunological reactions
- genetic derangement
- nutritional imbalances |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease in size of cells--> shrinkage of organs |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in size of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in number of cells |
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Term
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Definition
replacement of one type of cell for another of the same type (Epithelial cells)
**reversible** |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal change in size, shape, organization of cells
** can be reversible, sometimes precancerous** |
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Term
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Definition
cellular swelling
oncosis--> death of cell rt water accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
| glycogen in liver and kidneys that can not become glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ca+ deposits in injured tissues --> valves |
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Term
| metastatic calcifications |
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Definition
| Ca+ deposits in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ionizing- knocks electrons off atoms == free radicals
UV - free radicals, DNA damage
non-ionizing- vibration and rotation of molecules causing thermal energy (burns) |
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Term
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Definition
Biochemial rx with plama membrane, makes membrane more permeable = free radical damage
**lipid accumulation in cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| anemia, convulsions, paralysis, kidney dysfunction, N &V, weight loss, cramping |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms of Cellular Damage |
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Definition
Hypoxia
Free Radicals
Impaired Ca++ balances |
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Term
| Free Radicals in normal cellular metabolism |
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Definition
superoxide--> SOD = hydrogen peroxside and oxygen
hydrogen peroxide --> decomposed by catalase into water and O2
hydroxyl radicals--> generated by hydrolysis of water |
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Term
| protection from free radicals |
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Definition
SOD, Catalase, Glutathione peroxidase
antioxidants ( vitamins C, E, beta carotene) |
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Term
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Definition
cellular self-destruction
normal death of cells |
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Term
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Definition
A LOT OF NECROSIS
- visible death of tissue, usually on the feet ( rt diabetes) |
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Term
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Definition
clostridium bacteria- liquefies tissues,
hydrogen sulfide gas forms in tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| respiration and circulation stops |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of identical cell, instruction for cell function, protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| process that increases expression |
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Term
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Definition
| orderly display of chromosomes based on SIZE |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic constitution of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| person who inherits a dominant trait, but fails to express it--> reduced penetrance |
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Term
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Definition
| parents will have the disease, both sexes will exhibit the trait, all generations will have the disease |
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Term
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Definition
| CT disorder--> causes changes in skeleton, eyes, CV systerm |
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Term
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Definition
| late onset brain atrophy causes abnormal movements, mental decrease, FATAL |
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Term
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Definition
| neurogenic tumors--> nerurofibromas develop in late childhood |
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Term
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Definition
| High cholesterol, settle beneath blood vessels, narrows lumen--> cant dilate== ISCHEMIA |
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Term
| 4 Autosomal Dominant Disoders |
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Definition
| 1. Marfan's Syndrome, 2. Huntington;s disease, 3. Neurofibromatosis 4. Lipid Metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| lack CFTR which allows Cl- into cells, causes increase in Na+ reabsorption, water follows which thinkens secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| lysosomal storage disease --> progressive muscle weakness, flaccidity, mental deterioration, seizures FATAL |
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Term
| Autosomal Recessicve Disease |
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Definition
| Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis |
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Term
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Definition
long arm of X chromosome breaks off and gaps--> will only be expressed in males
--- causes mental retardation |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 breaks in a chromosome and piece is replaced inverted |
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Term
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Definition
| broken pieces of chromosome are exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
| Monosomy- only one X chromosome - only monosomy someone can live with |
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Term
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Definition
2 X's and a Y, most common genetic abnormality
---enlarged breasts, less hair, small testes, infertility, overweight, tall |
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Term
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Definition
Extra Y (XYY) , usually not a problem
-- more acne, more testosterone, taller |
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Term
| Vulnerability with Pregnancy |
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Definition
First 2 weeks- no implantation
15-60 days-- structure affected
rest of pregnancy-- FUNCTION |
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Term
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Definition
TORCH
Toxoplasmosis
Other
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes II |
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