Term
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Definition
| released through adrenal medulla, after stressor triggers sympathetic nervous system; causes bronchodilation, ^ force & rate of cardiac contraction, ^ lipolysis, Liver v glycogen synthesis, ^ glucogenesis, ^ glycogenolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| released through adrenal medulla, when stressor triggers sympathethic nervous system; causes neuropeptide Y(NPY), ^ blood pressure, ^ sweat gland action (armpits, palms), piloerection (goosebumps), ^ arteriole smooth muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| ^ BP & CO, v leuteinizing hormones estradiol, testosterone, ^ blood levels of amino acids, ^ lipolysis extremities |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Definition
| Alarm stage: CNS arousal & body's defenses mobilized, "fight or flight"; Stage of resistance or adaptation: compensatory mechanisms produce adaptation; Stage of exhaustion: continued stress causes breakdown of compensatory mechanisms and onset of disease |
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Term
| Link between stress, immune system, & disease |
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Definition
| proinflammatory cytokines: chemicals in the body that cause inflammation, many disease associated w/ prolonged presence of proinflammatory cytokines-CV disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, type 2 diabetes, & COPD |
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Term
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Definition
| Stress arises when a person reacts to a situation, when a demand exceeds the person's ability to cope; results in disturbance of cognition, emotion & behavior that can adversely affect well-being |
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Term
| Stage of Resistance/Adaptation stage 2 |
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Definition
| If stress is not relieved it goes on to next state; compensatory mechanisms produce adaptation, cortisol and epinephrine/norepinephrine are released, cortisol increases BP and amino acids, E/NE increases BP, HR, R, & Blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| in cancers mutations in DNA exist and are critical in causation; the mutated cell divides into a malignant clone that does not respond to the normal regulatory mechanisms of the body proliferating w/ out regard to the needs of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Cancerous; rapid growth, increases in size unless removed, invades surroundings, ability to metastasize via blood, lymph, across body cavities; usually poorly differentiated or undifferentiated (anaplastic) |
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Term
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Definition
| not cancer; can be life threatening depending on where and what it compresses in the body; encapsulated, do not spread, slow growth, size may stabilize; usually well differentiated |
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Term
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Definition
| break away from parent cell enter circulation, lodge and leak through other tissues spreading and continuing to proliferate at second site |
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Term
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Definition
| determines what type of cell it is; muscle, nerve, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells are transformed into different and more specialized cells as they multiply |
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Term
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Definition
| cell or tissue of origin (-osteo = bone) |
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Term
| Nomenclature (suffix - benign [usually]) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nomenclature (suffix - exceptions - all malignant) |
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Definition
| Melenoma, glioma, lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
| little to none in early stages; 60-80% in terminally ill; caused by pressure, obstruction, invasion, streching |
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Term
| Cancer (6 clinical manifestations) |
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Definition
| pain, fatigue, cachexia, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
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Term
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Definition
| Most frequently reported symptom of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| severe malnutrition, lack of appetite w/ pain, chemo, radiation (most common cause of death 80% have it when they die) |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, chemotherapy, radiation, malignancy in blood forming organs |
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Term
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Definition
| direct tumor invasion of bone marrow, chemotherapy, radiation, infection, hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| TNM system - T (primary Tumor, N (lymph Nodes), M (distant Metastasis) |
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Term
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Definition
| size of tumor, 0-4 scale, TIS = tumor in site |
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Term
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Definition
| higher number means more lymph nodes involved, 0-3 scale |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| moderately well-differentiated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic reflux esophagitis |
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Definition
| inflammation of esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| part of stomach is above diaphragm; Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication surgery is the only way to correct |
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Term
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Definition
| Looking for cell adaptation that could be cancerous; should have if over 40 years old and had significant heartburn for over 10 years, checking for Barrett's esophagus |
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Term
| Chronic Gastritis Type A (fundal) |
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Definition
| closer to lower esophageal spincter, loss of HCl acid secretion, intrinsic factor, risk factor for gastric carcinoma |
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Term
| Chronic Gastritis Type B (antral) |
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Definition
| lower sphincter (pyloric); most commly caused by H. pylori, no loss of HCl acid or intrinsic factor |
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Term
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Definition
| injury to protective mucosal barrier (ulcers), NSAIDs decrease prostaglandins which maintain mucosal barrier, chemicals (alcohol); vague abdominal pain, epigastric tenderness, bleeding; heals w/ antacids, H2 blockers, stopping meds/chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| Type A (fundal) lower esophageal spincter or Type B (antral) H. pylori; vague symptoms - anorexia, fullness, N&V, bleeding may be only sign; Manage w/ smaller meals, bland diet, Vitamin B12 (for type A) |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic intermittent epigastric pain, begins 2-3 hrs after meals, pain-food-relief pattern, nocturnal pain common |
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Term
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Definition
| Could be anywhere GI (tongue to bung), "skip lesions", Non-blood diarrhea, Vitamin B12 deficiency if ileum involved, drugs to decrease inflammation & pain, surgery to treat complications (abscess, obstruction) |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction or impedance of blood flow through portal system or vena cava; leads to esophageal varices, splenomegaly, ascites hepatic encephalopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| upper GI bleeding, risk for bleeding, Tx inflate balloon in esophagus, use sclerosing agents to cause sclerosis in bleeding vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| spleen enlarges from backup w/ portal hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity, low on albumin, high hydrostatic pressure; breathing problems |
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Term
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Definition
| when liver isn't working amonia level increases causes mental status changes |
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Term
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Definition
| irreversible inflammatory dx, leading cause of portal hypertension, causes: alcohol, biliary (dx of bile ducts), ascites, GI bleeding, encephalopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation and destruction of bile ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged partial or complete obstruction of bile ducts-stones, tumors, chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the gallbladder; epigastric discomfort w/ fat intake, pain radiating to back (RUQ), flatulence |
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Term
| risk factors for cholecystitis |
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Definition
| obesity, middle age, female, native american, GB dx, pancreatic dx, ileal dx |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pancreatitis (acute or chronic) |
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Definition
| commonly associated w/ alcoholism & obstructive biliary dx, chronic in children w/ cystic fibrosis; Dx elevated serum amylase and lipase; Tx "Rest the gland" - NPO, NG suctioning |
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Term
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Definition
| frequent diarrhea w/ passage of small amounts of blood and purulent mucous, risk of colon cancer increases significantly after 10 yrs, cause unknown but familial tendencies, most common in rectosigmoid area |
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Term
| ulcerative colitis treatment |
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Definition
| drugs to decrease inflammation, relieve pain; surgery to remove diseased colon if other treatments fail or serious complications occur - hemorrhage, obstruction, sepsis, perforation |
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Term
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Definition
| most common site is sigmoid colon, cramping lower abdomen, diarrhea, constipation, distension flatulence; complications - hemorrhage, peritonitis, obstruction, fistula formation |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of appendix, periumbilical pain, then right lower quadrant, N&V, anorexia, low-grade fever; complications - perforation w/ peritonitis, abscess formation McBurney's point(rebound tenderness) |
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Term
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Definition
| clinical manifestations: pyrosis (heartburn), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), odynophagia (pain w/ swallowing); risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, malnutrition, reflux esophagitis, sliding hiatal hernia; metastasizes rapidly, poor prognosis |
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Term
| Colon/rectal cancer screening |
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Definition
| FOBT every year, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, barium enema every 5 years or colonoscopy every 10 years |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow or greenish skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels; dark urine, light stools, |
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Term
| Five types of viral hepatitis |
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Definition
| HAV, HEV, HBV, HDV, HCV; all can cause acute icenteric illness, HBV, HDV, and HCV can cause chronic liver dix, liver cancer, liver failure |
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Term
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Definition
| are fecal oral transmission |
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Term
| HDV only occurs w/ HBV; HCV |
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Definition
| Pareteral and sexual transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of appetite, fear of becoming obese, distorted body image,a bscence of three consecutive menstrual periods (amenuria); most common white women upper middle class actors, models |
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Term
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Definition
| binging followed by vomiting or purging, two binge episodes per week for at least 3 months, |
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Term
| anorexia vs bulimia nervosa |
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Definition
| anorexia - body weight 15% of normal/ bulimia - may be normal weight or obese if just bulemic; 50% who are anorexic also are bulemic; Electrolyte imbalances can cause death from both |
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Term
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Definition
| most common is due to metastasis, primary liver cancer due to: chronic hepatits B and C, cirrhosis |
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Term
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Definition
| most common is due to metastasis, associated w/ cholelithiasis (gallstones), poor prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
| bathes the cartilage and carries o2 and necessary products for metabolism, clear, non-clotting, colorless or straw colored, WBC less than 200 cells/ml, small amounts in joints (1-3 ml) |
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Term
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Definition
| two adjacent fractures; loss of blood supply to middle fragment |
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Term
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Definition
| angle across bone; less stable and harder to keep in place, nails and wires |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration and loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints |
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Term
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Definition
| systemic autoimmune dx, inflammatory dx, damage to synovial membrane or articular cartilage, usually occurs bilaterally; S/S: inflammation- fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, more common in women |
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Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis Lab results |
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Definition
| IgM reacts agains IgG, present in 85%, can indicate other connective tissue disorders, elevated ESR, synovial fluid loses viscosity, turbid w/ 15,000-20,000 WBCs thin and cloudy; Tx: rest, ROM, pain relief, antiinflammatories, corticosteroids |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic inflammation w/ stiffening and fusion of spine and sacroiliac joints; ESR elevated, Negative rheumatoid factor; exercise program, NSAIDs |
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Term
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Definition
| Uric acid production, excess calcifies on joints usually feet or hands; 95% are men, Tx: low purine diet, NSAIDs, Excrete uric acid from kidneys, inhibit production of uric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone cancer; usually adolescents and young adults, 90% are located in the end of long bones, 50% around the knee |
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Term
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Definition
| cancer in end of long bones, especially femur, bones of pelvis, Middle age 50-70 yrs old; surgical excision is treatment of choice |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of bone integrity, curved spine (hump)estrogen helps to prevent, most menopause, exercise calcium intake |
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Term
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Definition
| most common form of arthritis (50%) more prevalent in females usually over 45 yrs old. Noninflammatory dx-no inflammation of synovial membrane, no systemic S&S, synovial fluid normal; tx: ice/heat therapy, ROM, drugs for pain, surgery to remove loose bodies, total joint replacement |
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