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Pathophysiology Exam 3 - Part B
Pulmonary, digestive and urinary/renal dysfunction
68
Pathology
Undergraduate 3
11/21/2010

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Term
Two broad-category causes of Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Definition
Neurologic injury or profound metabolic alterations.
Term
Define hypercapnia.
Definition
Increased PaCO2
Term
Respiratory acidosis can result from:

A) increased minute ventilation.
B) decreased PaCO2.
C) tissue hypoxia.
D) reduced tidal volumes.
Definition
D) reduced tidal volumes.
Term
Define V/Q mismatch.
Definition
Imbalance between alveolar ventilation and perfusion
Term
Two broad-category causes of V/Q mismatch caused by lung dysfunction
Definition
Decreased ventilation and impaired diffusion of gases at the alveolar/capillary membrane
Term
Define pneumoconiosis
Definition
Severe inflammation and scarring in the pulmonary tissue due to prolonged exposure to coal dust, asbestos, and other inhaled toxins
Term
What leads to pulmonary thrombus formation in acute respiratory distress syndrome?
Definition
Endothelial damage
Term
What causes bronchoconstriction and airway edema in an individual with asthma?
Definition
Exposure to an allergen results in mast cell degranulation and release of inflammatory mediators
Term
What is pulsus paradoxus?
Definition
Exaggeration of the normal variation during the inspiratory phase of respiration, in which the blood pressure declines as one inhales and increases as one exhales
Term
In emphysema, how is alveolar surface area lost?
Definition
The destruction of alveolar septa and the loss of elastic recoil in emphysema lead to the loss of alveolar surface area and the collapse of airways during expiration.
Term
Why does the accumulation of exudates and fibrin deposition lead to hypoxemia in pneumonia?
Definition
(V/Q) mismatching and impairment of the diffusion of oxygen at the alveolocapillary membrane
Term
Productive vs. dry cough in viral versus bacterial pneumonia.
Definition
A dry cough is indicative of a viral pneumonia. Bacterial pneumonia usually manifests with a productive cough.
Term
What virus is responsible for SARS?
Definition
The corona virus
Term
How does a person catch H5N1 virus?
Definition
The H5N1 virus has only been transmitted from birds to humans.
Term
What is cor pulmonale?
Definition
Right ventricular heart failure due to respiratory disease
Term
What exactly causes cor pulmonale?
Definition
Increased right ventricular afterload from pulmonary hypertension can lead to right ventricular failure.
Term
Although metaplasia is generally ____, the metaplastic cells can become ____ if an individual ____.
Definition
Reversible; cancerous; continues to smoke
Term
Why does a tension pneumothorax cause lung collapse?
Definition
The air in the pleural cavity exceeds the atmospheric pressure in the alveoli.
Term
What is status asthmaticus?
Definition
Prolonged, severe bronchospasm that can be life-threatening if not reversed.
Term
What causes the smooth muscle hypertrophy in chronic bronchitis?
Definition
Inspired irritants stimulate inflammation, mucous secretion, and bronchospasm, which can lead to smooth muscle thickening in the airways.
Term
What is the classic sign of chronic bronchitis?
Definition
A productive cough for three months.
Term
Three symptoms of pleurisy.
Definition
Pain on inspiration, fever, and chills
Term
In a urinary tract obstruction, where does dilation occur?
Definition
Proximal to the obstruction
Term
Why does proper hydration prevent renal calculi?
Definition
Most renal calculi form when salts in the urine become concentrated or “supersaturated.”
Term
Define neurogenic bladder
Definition
Neurologic lesions cause bladder dysfunction
Term
Flank pain is a manifestation of ____, usually caused by _____.
Definition
An upper urinary tract obstruction; renal calculi
Term
Definition of nephrotic syndrome.
Definition
Daily loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein in the urine.
Term
Levels of what two compounds in the blood will increase in chronic renal failure, and why?
Definition
Chronic renal failure presents with increased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, since these metabolic waste products are not excreted by the dysfunctioning kidneys.
Term
Why is protein restriction necessary in chronic renal failure?
Definition
Protein restriction is necessary to avoid excessive uremia caused by metabolism of amino acids. Adequate caloric intake is necessary, and there is no reason to restrict carbohydrates or fats in the diet.
Term
ACE inhibitors are a risk factor for what renal disease?
Definition
Acute (not chronic) renal failure.
Term
Alkaline vs acidic urine increases the likelihood of forming which two different kinds of renal calculi?
Definition
An alkaline urinary pH increases the likelihood of forming a calcium phosphate stone, while an acidic urine pH increases the likelihood of forming a uric acid stone.
Term
Which gender is more likely to get renal cell carcinoma?
Definition
Renal cell carcinoma occurs two times more often in men than women.
Term
__% of all UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli.
Definition
80
Term
Describe the cause of glomerulonephritis.
Definition
Formation of antigen-antibody complexes in which the antigen is a nonrenal streptococcal infection. The antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in the glomerular membrane, where an injurious inflammatory response ensues.
Term
Goodpasture syndrome is a form of what kind of disease? What two tissues does it affect?
Definition
Goodpasture syndrome, a form of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, is caused by the production of autoantibodies against the glomerular basement membrane. Goodpasture syndrome also affects the pulmonary capillaries, causing pulmonary hemorrhages.
Term
What causes prerenal acute renal failure.
Definition
Prerenal acute renal failure occurs when blood flow to the kidneys is compromised. Severe hypotension from heart failure, hypovolemia, or shock is a leading cause.
Term
How is vitamin D related to bone degeneration in kidney failure?
Definition
Vitamin D, required for calcium absorption in the digestive tract, is activated in the kidneys. With chronic renal failure, vitamin D is not activated.
Term
Four compounds that can form renal calculi.
Definition
Renal calculi are formed from struvite, calcium oxalate, uric acid, and, rarely, cystine.
Term
Define osmotic diarrhea.
Definition
Unabsorbed molecules draw water into the lumen, resulting in osmotic diarrhea.
Term
Five manifestations of GERD.
Definition
Heartburn
Dysphagia
Pain within one hour of eating
Acid regurgitation
Chronic cough
Term
State the reasons for the three classic symptoms of small bowel obstruction (vomiting, pain, abdominal distention)
Definition
Symptoms of a small bowel obstruction include vomiting from vagal nerve stimulation, pain from bowel wall distention, and abdominal distension from accumulation of chyme or ascites.
Term
What is the action of NSAIDs, and how does this lead to peptic ulcer?
Definition
NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which normally stimulates the production of gastric mucous.
Term
Incidence of gastric and duodenal ulcers by gender.
Definition
Men have a higher incidence of duodenal ulcers than women, and gastric ulcers affect men and women equally.
Term
In a gastric ulcer, why is there pain with eating?
Definition
Presence of food stimulates acid and enzyme secretion, which causes further damage to the gastric mucosa and underlying tissue.
Term
Where is intrinsic factor secreted, and where is B12 absorbed?
Definition
Stomach, ileum
Term
What three enzymes secreted by the pancreas are needed for fat, protein and carb digestion?
Definition
Lipase = fats
Proteases = proteins
Amylase = carbs
Term
Which kind of colitis has a tendency to skip areas of the mucosa (skip lesions)?
Definition
Crohn disease
Term
Describe the progression of pain in someone presenting with appendicitis?
Definition
Most individuals with appendicitis present with periumbilical pain that increases in intensity over several hours and then “moves” to the right lower quadrant.
Term
Explain the process of ascite formation in hepatic hypertension.
Definition
The back-up of blood in the mesenteric veins causes an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressures and the leakage of fluid into the peritoneal cavity, which is called ascites.
Term
Why do ammonia levels increase in liver failure/injury?
Definition
When the liver is severely injured, hepatocytes are unable to convert ammonia to urea. The result is toxic accumulation of ammonia in the blood.
Term
Orthopnea
Definition
Dyspnea when lying supine
Term
Dyspnea can result from stimulation of receptors in the _____ muscles due to increased _____ or decreased lung _____.
Definition
Intercostal, airway resistance, compliance
Term
What three serum changes might chemoreceptors detect that could cause dyspnea?
Definition
Changes in pH, arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), or arterial oxygen (PaO2)
Term
Dyspnea can result from stimulation of ____, ____ or ____ receptors in the lung due to pathology in the lung parenchyma.
Definition
Stretch, irritant, or J receptors
Term
Biot's respirations
Definition
Characterized by groups of quick, shallow inspirations followed by regular or irregular periods of apnea.
Term
Define ataxic respirations.
Definition
Significant disorganization with varying and irregular depth.
Term
Formula for ventilation.
Definition
Minute volume = tidal volume x respiratory rate
Term
When normal ventilation removes CO2 at a steady pace, what does the PaCO2 remain at?
Definition
40 mm Hg
Term
If CO2 is not "blown off" from the alveoli, then the _____ from blood to alveoli for CO2 is lost, and the PaCO2 _____.
Definition
Concentration gradient; increases
Term
What is the timeframe for a cough to be considered acute or chronic?
Definition
Acute < 3 weeks
Chronic > 3 weeks
Term
Four common causes of acute cough
Definition
Upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, bronchitis, or pneumonia
Term
Three common causes of chronic cough.
Definition
Postnasal drainage, asthma, or gastroesophageal reflux
Term
Four causes of either acute or chronic cough
Definition
COPD
CHF
Lung cancer
ACE inhibitor drugs
Term
Term for coughing up blood
Definition
Hemoptysis
Term
______ indicates the need for emergent evaluation and treatment; _____ indicates a more chronic condition.
Definition
Cyanosis; clubbing
Term
Term for pleural pain
Definition
Pleurodynia
Term
Hypercapnia results from what? And what two kinds of patients are most likely to have?
Definition
Decrease in minute volume.
It occurs most often in patients who have a decreased drive to breathe or poor ability to respond to ventilatory stimulation.
Term
Three principal causes of hypoxemia.
Definition
- Decreased oxygen delivery to alveoli
- Decreased diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood
- Decreased pulmonary perfusion
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