Term
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Definition
| a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size; common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain |
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Definition
| occurs with early development |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation and nervous stimulation |
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Term
| Ubiquitin-Proteosome Pathway |
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Definition
| the primary pathway of protein catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane bound vesicles within the cell that contain cellular debris and hydrolytic enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| the yellow-brown age pigment that accumulates primarily in liver cells, myocardial cells and atrophic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division |
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Term
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Definition
| an adaptive mechanism that enables certain organs to regenerate |
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Term
| Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) |
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Definition
| a protein thought to be a mediator in vitro of liver regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| a thickening, of the skin as a result of hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs such as the uterus and breast |
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Term
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Definition
| the abnormal proliferation of normal cells and can occur as a response to excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factors on target cells |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal changes in the size, shape and organization of mature cells; often called atypical hyperplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type |
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Term
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Definition
| injury in which cells may recover |
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Term
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Definition
| injury in which cells die |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of sufficient oxygen; most common cause of cellular injury |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced blood supply; most common cause of hypoxia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Reperfusion (Reoxygenation) Injury |
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Definition
| a serious complication and important mechanism of injury in instances of tissue transplantation and in myocardial, hepatic, intestinal, cerebral, renal and other ischemic syndromes; additional injury caused by the restoration of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| injury induced by free radicals, especially by reactive oxygen species (ROS) |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron |
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Term
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Definition
| the destruction of unsaturated fatty acids |
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Term
| Lipid-Acceptor Proteins (Apoproteins) |
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Definition
| normally bind with triglycerides to form lipoproteins, which are transported out of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a heavy metal ubiquitous in the environment; developing nervous system is especially vulnerable; primarily affects the nervous system, hematopoietic system and kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| an odorless, colorless and undetectable gas unless mixed with a visible or odorous pollutant;; has an affinity for hemoglobin 300 times greater than oxygen's |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon monoxide bound with hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol; a depressant and the number one mood-altering drug used in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| mainly affects the CNS but may induce reversible hepatic and gastric changes |
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Term
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Definition
| causes structural alterations in practically all organs and tissues in the body, especially the liver and stomach |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| deleterious effects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure; lead to growth retardation, cognitive impairment, facial anomalies and ocular disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| the result of the application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing or crushing of tissues; most common type of injury |
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Term
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Definition
| a bruise; bleeding into the skin or underlying tissues as a consequence of a blow that squeezes or crushes the soft tissues and consequently ruptures blood vessels without breaking the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain, resulting from the shearing of small veins that bridge the subdural space |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of blood between the inner surface of the skull and the dura; caused by a torn artery and almost always associated with a skull fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| a scrape; results from the removal of the superficial layers of the skin caused by friction between the skin and injuring object |
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Term
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Definition
| a tear or rip resulting when the tensile strength of the skin or tissue is exceeded; more jagged and irregular with abraded edges |
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Term
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Definition
| example of a laceration in which a wide area of tissue may be pulled away creating a large flap |
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Term
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Definition
| a cut that is longer than it is deep |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple superficial incisions grouped in the area surrounding the deep cut |
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Term
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Definition
| a penetrating sharp force injury that is deeper than it is long |
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Term
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Definition
| penetrating wounds caused by instruments or objects with sharp points but without sharp edges |
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Term
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Definition
| injuries produced by heavy, edged instruments with a combination of sharp and blunt force characteristics |
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Term
| Contact Range Entrance Wounds |
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Definition
| occur when the gun is held so the muzzle rests on or presses into the skin surface; causes the hole from the bullet with additional searing of the edges of the flame and soot or smoke deposited on the edges of and in the depths of the wound |
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Term
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Definition
| severe tearing and disruption of the tissues giving a wound a large, gaping and jagged appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| a patterned abrasion that mirrors the features of the weapon |
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Term
| Intermediate Range Entrance Wounds |
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Definition
| wounds surrounded by gunpowder tattooing or stippling |
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Term
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Definition
| results from fragments of burning or unburned pieces of gunpowder exiting the barrel and striking the skin surface with enough force to be driven into the epidermis or superficial dermis |
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Term
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Definition
| results when fragments of powder strike with enough force to abrade the skin but not actually penetrate the surface |
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Term
| Indeterminate Range Entrance Wound |
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Definition
| occurs when flame, soot or gunpowder does not reach the skin surface and the only thing striking the body is the bullet |
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Term
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Definition
| where the bullet comes out; margins do not have an abrasion collar |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which the bullet pushes the skin against whatever the supporting surface is causing rubbing and scraping around the exit defect as it comes out |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a failure of cells to receive or utilize oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen failing to reach the blood which can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of the internal airways |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages resulting from external pressure of the neck |
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Term
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Definition
| when the weight of the body is used to cause constriction of the noose and compression of the neck; causes an inverted V; internal injuries are rare |
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Term
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Definition
| strangulation in which the mark on the neck is horizontal, without the inverted V mark; internal injuries are rare |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by an assailant or by the victim trying to remove the assailant's hands; internal damage can be severe |
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