Term
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Definition
| larger cells with membrane-bound intracellular components and a well-defined nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| cells containing no organelles and nuclear material is not encased by a nuclear membrane; lack of a distinct nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| largest membrane bound organelle at the center of the cell; contains the genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of two membranes surrounding the nucleolus |
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Term
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Definition
| small dense structure composed of RNA, DNA and histones |
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Term
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Definition
| aqeuous solution that fills the cytoplasmic matrix; about half the volume of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA-protein complexes that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm; provide sites for cellular protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles; network of tubular or saclike channels that extend through the cytoplasm and are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Has ribosomes and ribonucleotide particles attached to it |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| Contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones; does not contain ribosomes or ribonucleotide particles |
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Term
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Definition
| network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell; refining plant and directs traffic |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane-bound sacs that collect at the end of the membranous folds of the Golgi bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| membranous folds of the Golgi bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that often makes up the coats of some vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex; contain digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| lysosomes in the "holding pattern" which are not active and do not maintain a low/acidic internal pH |
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Term
| Secondary Lysosome/Heterophagosome |
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Definition
| when the pH falls and a lysosome becomes active |
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Term
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Definition
| Digestion of the cellular debris of dead cells |
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Term
| Autolysosomes/Autophagosomes |
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Definition
| lysosomes involved in the process of autodigestion |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of encapsulating cellular debris within a vesicle and combining with a lysosome to complete degradation; occurs in living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles that store indigestible material for expulsion from the cell |
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Term
| Peroxisomes (microbodies) |
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Definition
| larger and oval or irregularly shaped in comparison to lysosomes; contain oxidative enzymes and are major sites of oxygen utilization |
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Term
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Definition
| play an important role in cellular energy metabolism; appear as spheres, rods or filamentous bodies that are bound by a double membrane |
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Term
| Mitochondria - outer membrane |
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Definition
| smooth membrane that surrounds the mitochondrion; permeable membrane |
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Term
| Mitochondria - inner membrane |
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Definition
| forms cristae; contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain that are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation; highly selective membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| inner partitions/folds of the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, larger than ribosomes and shaped like octagonal barrels; function is undetermined |
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Term
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Definition
| intracellular chemical reactions including synthesis, degradation and transformation of small, organic molecules |
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Term
| Ribosomal Protein Synthesis |
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Definition
| takes place in free ribosomes in the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| "factories" of cytosolic ribosomes that synthesize identical proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains the cell's shape and internal organization and permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections |
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Term
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Definition
| small, hollow, cylindric, unbranched tubules made of protein; exhibit rigidity together and add strength to cell structure |
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Term
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Definition
| always consist of nine bundles of three microtubules each |
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Term
| Actin Filaments/Microfilaments |
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Definition
| smaller fibrils that generally occur in bundles rather than singly; associated with cellular locomotion and maintenance of cell and tissue shape |
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Term
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Definition
| cavelike indentations on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that assist in transport, signal relaying, and serve as a repository for some receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule with a hydrophobic and hydrophillic portion |
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Term
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Definition
| uncharged or "water hating" part |
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Term
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Definition
| charged or "water loving" |
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Term
| Integral Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer and linked to either a minor phospholipid or a fatty acid chain |
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Term
| Peripheral Membrane Proteins |
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Definition
| proteins that are not embedded in the membrane but reside at one side or another and are bound to an integral protein |
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Term
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Definition
| extend across the membrane and are exposed to the aqeous environment on either side |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins attached to carbohydrates that serve as cell surface markers |
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Term
| Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) |
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Definition
| proteins that allow cells to hook together and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular chape |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of events involving the participation of proteases in the physiological regulation of essential processes |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus that recognize and bind with ligands |
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Term
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Definition
| specific smaller molecules that bind to receptors |
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Term
| Plasma membrane receptors |
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Definition
| important for the cellular uptake of ligands; present at external surface of membrane and often attached to integral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| attachments that allow groups of cells to be held together to form tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| attachments that allow groups of cells to be held together to form tissues and organs |
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Term
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Definition
| intricate meshwork of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of complex carbs; secreted by the cells |
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Term
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Definition
| forms cable-like fibers/sheets; provide tensile strength or resistance to longitudinal stress |
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Term
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Definition
| rubber-like protein fiber; capable of stretching and recoiling |
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Term
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Definition
| a large glycoprotein that promotes cell adhesion and cell anchorage |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that secrete the extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized regions of the plasma membrane where cells can link together |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the three main types of cell junctions - desmosomes, tight junctions and gap junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| hold cells together by forming either continuous bands or belts of epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact; maintain structural ability |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as a barrier to diffusion, prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins and prevent leakage of small molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of communicating tunnels that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another |
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Term
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Definition
| clusters of communicating tunnels |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that controls permeability of the junctional complex and depends on concentrations of calcium ions in the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| maintaining a stable internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| involves spcialized endocrine cells that secrete hormone chemicals released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones are released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized; mediators act only on nearby cells |
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Term
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Definition
| signaling molecules may act back on the cells of origin (a circuit) |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released by neurons for communication |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized junctions at which neurotransmitters are released by neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| involves incoming signals or instructions from extracellular chemical messengers that are conveyed to the cell's interior for execution |
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Term
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Definition
| the binding of the extracellular chemical messenger in signal transduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the intracellular messenger in signal transduction |
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Term
| Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate |
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Definition
| a major second messenger pathway in which binding of the ligand to the receptor on the surface eventually activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the inner surface of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| acts as an intermediary between the receptor and adenylyl cyclase in the cAMP pathway; named because they are bound to GTP or GDP |
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Term
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Definition
| all the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy-using process of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy-releasing process of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of many reactions one of which is the process by which ATP is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific substance that is converted to a product of the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| break down of large molecules into their smaller subunits |
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Term
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Definition
| splitting of glucose; produces a net 2 molecules of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal and transfer of a pair of electrons |
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Term
| Oxidative Cellular Metabolism |
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Definition
| a process involving 10 biochemical reactions in which a net 6 ATP molecules are produced for each glucose |
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Term
| Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) |
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Definition
| major end products are CO2 and NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbs, fats and proteins is transferred to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| reactions requiring a coenzyme to transfer the electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of carrier molecules on the inner surfaces of the mitochondria that transfer electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| brightly colored iron-containing proteins that accept a pair of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| a metabolic pathway to synthesize ATP without using oxygen; involves breakdown of carbohydrates and is not as efficient |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving water and small, electrically uncharged molecules through the pores of the lipid bilayer; occurs naturally through any semipermeable barrier; does not require energy |
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Term
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Definition
| process of moving larger, electrically charged molecules across the membrane; requires life, biologic activity and expenditure of energy by the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| small particles of dissolved substances; movement through membranes is related to size, solubility, electrical properties and concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| electrically charged solutes that dissociate into constituent ions when placed in solution; about 95% of solute molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| exhibited by orientation towards a positive or negative pole |
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Term
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Definition
| ions with a positive charge |
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Term
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Definition
| ions with a negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| electrically-charged particles |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| difference in concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of the greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than on the other side |
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Term
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Definition
| the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of water "down" a concentration gradient (across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration) |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water or the concentration of moleules per weight of water |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water |
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Term
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Definition
| sustained osmotic activity and depends on the concentration of solutes remaining on one side of a permeable membrane |
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Term
| Oncotic Pressure/Colloid Osmotic Pressure |
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Definition
| the overall osmotic effect of colloids |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the effective osmolality of a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| has the same osmolality or concentration of particles as the ICF or ECF |
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Term
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Definition
| has a lower concentration and is thus more dilute than body fluids; water is pulled into the cells so they swell or burst |
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Term
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Definition
| has a concentration of greater than 285-294mOsm/kg; water is pulled out of the cells so the cells shrink |
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Term
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Definition
| involves integral or transmembrane proteins with receptors having a high degree of specificity for the substance being transported |
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Term
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Definition
| a carrier protein; a transmembrane or integral protein that binds with and transfers a specific solute molecule across the lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules that compete for the same receptor site and block solute binding |
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Term
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Definition
| two molecules moving simultaneously in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Two molecules moving in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
| a single molecule being moved in one direction |
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Term
| Passive Mediated Transport/Facilitated Diffusion |
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Definition
| the protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expending metabolic energy |
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Term
| Active Mediated Transport/Active Transport |
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Definition
| the protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| a section of the plasma membrane enfolds substances from outside the cell, invaginates, and separates from the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the inside of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through formation of small vesicles; "cell drinking" |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the ingestion of large particles through formation of large vesicles (vacuoles); "cell eating" |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized areas of the membrane in which there is a clustering, aggregation and immobilization of the receptors |
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Term
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis |
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Definition
| internalization process that is rapid and allows the cell to ingest large amounds of specific ligands without ingesting large volumes of extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| cellular uptake through the opening and closing of caveolae; thought to be an uptake mechanism for small molecules and ions |
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Term
| Resting Membrane Potential |
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Definition
| the difference in electrical charge of the membrane; about -70 to -85 millivolts |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid change in resting membrane potential that carries signals along the nerve of muscle cell and conveys information from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in membrane potential to zero due to a net movement of sodium into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the critical value needed to generate an action potential; generally occurs when cell has depolarized to 15-20 millivolts |
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Term
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Definition
| period during which the negative polarity of the resting membrane potential is reestablished due to the closing of sodium channels and the opening of potassium channels |
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Term
| Absolute Refractory Period |
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Definition
| time during which the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus |
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Term
| Relative Refractory Period |
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Definition
| the latter phase of the action potential during which a stronger than normal stimulus can evoke an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the growth phase, during which most of the preparing for division occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the alteration between mitosis and interphase in all tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| paired organelles that carry genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that gives the nucleus a granular appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| first appearance of chromosomes in which each chromosome is seen as two identical chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| two identical halves of a chromosome that lie together attached by a centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| a spindle attachment site that connects chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| radiate from two centrioles located at opposite poles and pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle fibers pull the centromeres of the chromosomes and they align in the middle of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle of the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
| begins when the centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled apart |
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Term
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Definition
| the final stage in which a new nuclear membrane is formed around each set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| peptides that transmit signals within and between cells and have a major role in teh regulation of tissue growth and development |
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Term
| Platelet-Derived Growth Factor |
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Definition
| stimulates the production of connective tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that come to a halt after mitosis due to starvation from growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the most basic precursoe cells and one of the mechanisms of tissue formation |
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Term
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Definition
| movement along a chemical gradient caused by chemical attraction |
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Term
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Definition
| movement along a pathway in the extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells that increase the cell's surface area |
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Term
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Definition
| hairlike projections that propel mucus, pus and dust particles out of the body; often line the respiratory passages |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelium formed by a single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelium with two or more layers of cells and only the deepest layer is in contact with the basement membrane |
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Term
| Pseudostratified Epithelium |
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Definition
| tissue that looks to have several layers but is actually only a single layer all in contact with the basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| flat and thin epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial cells that are as high as they are wide and appear square |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide and appear rectangular |
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Term
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Definition
| a homogeneous mass that varies in consistency from fluid to semisolid gel |
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Term
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Definition
| formed of bundles of smaller fibers appearing as wavy bands; composed of collagen and are strong and inelastic |
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Term
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Definition
| long, branching fibers composed of elastin that enables the fibers to stretch |
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Term
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Definition
| thin, short, branching fibers that form an inelastic network made from a collagen-like protein called reticulum; form the internal framework to which the epithelial cells of glands are attached |
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Term
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Definition
| the essential substance of an organ rather than its framework |
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Term
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Definition
| points of functional contact between neurons where neurotransmitters are released to pass impulses along |
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