Term
| What are the four basic types of tissue |
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Definition
| Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue |
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Term
| What is the job of macrophages |
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Definition
| they injest cellular debris from injured cells |
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Term
| Of the four basic types of tissue, what type is blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage of water weight for adults |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the flow of fluid across a semipermeable membrane from a lower to a higher concentration |
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Term
| True or false- Osmosis does require energy |
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Definition
| True- Becasue its going from a lower to a higher concentration it requires transport mechanisms that require energy |
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Term
| Through what process does a cell become specialized( the cells ability to preform only certain tasks)? |
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Definition
| Cells become specialized through a process of differentation or maturation |
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Term
| What is it called when cells adapt to their environment to avoid and protect themselves form injury |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false- When cellular adaption happens the cells are considered injured |
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Definition
| False. They are considered to fall between normal and injured states |
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Term
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Definition
| is a decrease in cellular size |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| an excessive increase in the number of cells- formation of a callus |
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Term
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Definition
| a change from one cell type to another that is better able to tolerate adverse conditions- envoirmental conditions like smoking that change the bronchial lining to have less irritation |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal changes in mature cells-- cells that are near cancer |
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Term
| What is the most common celluar injury |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are types of cellular injury |
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Definition
| Hypoxic injury, Chemical, infectious, Immunologic and inflammatory, Injurious genetic factors, nutritional imbalance and physical agents |
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Term
| A loss of cytochromes would lead to what type of cellular injury |
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Definition
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Term
| What does virulence mean? |
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Definition
| its a microorganisms ability to survive and reproduce in the human body, where they injure cells and tissues |
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Term
| What does pathogenicity mean |
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Definition
It is means the same as virulence
Its a microorganisms ability to survive and reproduce in the human body where they injure cells and tissues |
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Term
| Bacteria that make endotoxins are also known as... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is bacteremia or septicemia |
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Definition
| a prolifereation (rapid growth) of microorganisms in the blood |
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Term
| How do viruses affect the body on a cellular level |
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Definition
| they control the metabolic machinery of the host cells then use it to replicate the virus |
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Term
| What is a protein coat that encapsulates most viruses and allows them to resist phagocytosis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does viral replication occur |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false- Viruses produce exotoxins and endotoxins |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do cells die during an inflammatory injury |
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Definition
| They die because the cell membrane leaks potassium out of the cell and water rushes in. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the flow of fluid across a semipermeable membrane. |
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|
Term
| An ion with a positive charge is known as |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| An Ion with a negative charge is known as |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most abundant cation in the ECF |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the most abundant intracellular cation |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
it is the transport of substances against a concentration gradient, from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration
This requrires energy- osmosis |
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|
Term
| What is facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| moves substances into and out of cells from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
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Term
| As we get older, what happens to the percentage of water weight? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where does the exchange of nutrients and metabolic end products take place |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is Starlings hypothesis |
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Definition
It describes the movement of fluid back and forth across the capillary wall AKA net filtration
Net filtration = forces favoring filtration- forces opposing filtration
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Term
| What medical condition results from increased osmotic movement of water into the interstital space |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| its usually limited to an injury site or an organ system |
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|
Term
| How is generalized edema charcterized |
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Definition
| It is characterized by more widespread swelling and is usually noted in the legs and ankles. |
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|
Term
| What diseases are the biggest causes of generalized edema |
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Definition
| Heart, liver, and kidney disease |
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|
Term
| What is the primary role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| Its the bodies way of maintaining water balance |
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|
Term
| What are the three receptors that control water balance and water reabsorption |
|
Definition
Osmoreceptors
Baroreceptors
volume sensitive receptors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| they are hypothamlamic neurons that can cause an individual to feel thirsty |
|
|
Term
| how does ADH work in the kidneys |
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Definition
| it works by preventing water loss through the distal renal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys |
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|
Term
| What hormone controls the regulation of sodium balance in the body |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone (secreted by the adreanal cortex) |
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|
Term
| What mineral is the major ECF anion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does renin come from |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the process of making ADH |
|
Definition
| renin is excreated by the kidneys and the liver excretes angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I. It goes through the lungs to form angiotensin II and stimulates the adrenal cortex to realease aldosterone. |
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|
Term
| What horomone is a potent vasoconstrictor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the natriuretic hormone do |
|
Definition
| It promotes loss of sodium loss through the kidneys |
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|
Term
| How do hydrogen ions relate to pH |
|
Definition
| The more hydrogen atoms increases the acid level (LOW NUMBER) |
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|
Term
| It was is ment by a bivalent cation |
|
Definition
| its an cation with two postive charges I.E calcium |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does Carbonic Acid- Bicarbonate Buffering system work? |
|
Definition
| Sodium Bicarbonate bonds with hydrogen atoms to neturalized the acid until it reaches the respiratory system and then the acid is blow off by the lungs |
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|
Term
| Where does protein buffering mainly take place |
|
Definition
| its mainly an intracellular buffer system. |
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|
Term
| How does renal buffering work |
|
Definition
| the kidneys can excrete hydrogen atoms, reabsorb bicarbonate, and excrete ammonium ions which carry with it hydrogen |
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|
Term
| How can a patient get respiratory acidosis |
|
Definition
| a patient can get it by respiratory depression or an inability for the lungs to excrete carbon dioxide efficiently |
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|
Term
| How can a patient get metabolic acidosis |
|
Definition
Lactic acidosis- cells that are inadequately perfused
Diabetic Ketoacidosis- a body has a lack of insulin and metabolizes fatty acids for energy
Renal failure-kidneys fail to eliminate hydrogen ions
Ingestion of toxins-ingestion of large amounts of asprin |
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|
Term
| how can a patient get respiratory alkalosis |
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Definition
| hyperventilation often seen in early stages of shock, and sepsis. |
|
|
Term
| how can a patient develop metabolic alkalosis |
|
Definition
| results from a loss of hydrogen ions primarly from ingestion of large amounts of absorbable base sodium bicarbonate(baking soda) or calcium carbonate(Tums) |
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|
Term
| What are the compensatory mechanisms fo hypoperfusion |
|
Definition
| catecholamine release, creation of aldosterone and renin-angiotensin, shift of intersitital fluid and splenic discharge |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 factors that equate to overall cardiac output |
|
Definition
| strength of contraction, rate of contraction and preload(venous return) |
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|
Term
| What is a negative feedback mechanism |
|
Definition
| it is any mechanism that tends to balance a change in a system |
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|
Term
| What are the negative feed back mechanisms that the body uses to control blood pressure |
|
Definition
| baroreceptors reflexes, chemoreceptor reflexes, the CNS ischemic response and hormonal mechanisms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do chemoreceptors reflexes do |
|
Definition
| They play a large part in sending signals the brain to increase breathing, secondly they can cause vaso constriction |
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|
Term
| Where are baroreceptors reflex endings located and what are they used for |
|
Definition
they are located in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch
They are used to help control BP through the sympatetic and parasypathtic system |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different layers of the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
| Adrenal cortex and the medulla |
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|
Term
| Renin is released by what organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of aldosterone |
|
Definition
| It acts on the kidneys to conserve sodium and water |
|
|
Term
| What is MODS and how is it classified |
|
Definition
| MODS is Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and is classified by the progressive failure of two or more organ systems |
|
|
Term
| What are the three major causes of MODS |
|
Definition
| Septsis, major trauma, and burn injuries |
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|
Term
| What is the bodies first line of defense |
|
Definition
| External barriers- Skin, and mucous membranes of the respratory, lungs, nose, ect |
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|
Term
| What is the bodies second and third line of defense |
|
Definition
2nd- inflammatory response
3rd- immune response |
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|
Term
| White blood cells are also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its the process by which leukocytes engulf, digest and destroy pathogens |
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|
Term
| Exudate is also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a patient develop acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| through repeated exposure to a specific antigenic agent or pathogen |
|
|
Term
| What is natural immunity acquired |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is passive immunity acquired |
|
Definition
There are two ways
Its acquired before birth through the mother passing on the same antibodies she has
Passed on through mothers breast milk |
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|
Term
| How do B-cell lymphocytes work |
|
Definition
| They generally attack bacteria and kill them with the use of immunoglobulins and antibodies |
|
|
Term
| How do T-cell lymphocytes work |
|
Definition
| They generally attack virus habited cells. The T-cell itself directly attacks the cell by releasing a chemical that weakens the cell membrane causing it to die |
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|
Term
| What do helper T-cells do |
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Definition
| Helper T-cells recongnize bacteria and virus habited cells and alert either T-cells or B-cells to kill it. |
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|
Term
| What type of lymphocyte is responsible for long term immunity |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The cell-mediated immun response uses what type of lymphocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood type is known as the universal recipient |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What blood type is known as the universal donor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An exaggerated immune response |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| It is when lymphocytes attack its own cells. |
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|
Term
| What immunoglobulin is responsible for hayfever, asthma, and Anaphylaxis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common Immunoglobulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only immunoglobulin to cross the placental barrier and is found in breast milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of cortisol |
|
Definition
| cortisol stimulates gluconeogenesis(release of glucose) it also supressess reproduction of lymphocytes |
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|
Term
| What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution and when is it used |
|
Definition
| It will shrink, it is used for trauma situations |
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|
Term
| What is cortisol also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when a patient has Isoimmunity |
|
Definition
| The patient rejected a blood transfusion or organ donation |
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|
Term
| What are the stages of stress |
|
Definition
| Alarm, resistance or adaptation, and exhaustion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kinin is a serum protein that causes vasodilation and increases vascular permeability |
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|
Term
| Who is the doctor that came up with the basis for the General adaptation syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the exhaustion stage is prolonged and adaptation mechanisms are exhausted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When happens when the adrenal glands go into adrenal failure |
|
Definition
| They no longer produce catecholamines- epinephrine, nor-epinephrine and dopamine |
|
|
Term
| What do alpha 1 receptors stimulate |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle I.E blood vessels and increased glycogenolysis |
|
|
Term
| What do alpha 2 receptors stimulate |
|
Definition
Smooth muscle relaxation
its a negative feed back mechanism for alpha 1. It inhibits further release of norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary neurotransmiter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is hypotonic solutions used |
|
Definition
| they are used for dehydration and supply the patients cells with calories |
|
|
Term
| What mineral is the major intracellular anion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mineral is the major extracellular anion |
|
Definition
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