Term
| In what form are dietary lipids absorbed for transport in the body? |
|
Definition
| They are absorbed a chylomicrons. |
|
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Term
| Which cells take up lipids from chylomicrons? |
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Definition
| Adipose and Muscle cells. |
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Term
| What are intermediate-density lipoproteins? |
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Definition
| They are chylomicron remnants. |
|
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Term
| What do chylomicron remnants (IDLs) become? |
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Definition
| They become low density lipoproteins ("bad cholesterol") |
|
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Term
| What is necessary for the liver to take up LDLs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other than the liver, what cells can take up LDLs? |
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Definition
| Scavenger cells like macrophages. |
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Term
| Explain why atherosclerosis develops. |
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Definition
Develops because scavenger cells encounter the fatty deposits in the artery lining and
1) try to destroy the fats by oxidizing them
2)Try to remove the fats by eating them. |
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Term
| Explain the detrimental effects of scavenger cells destroying fats by oxidizing them. |
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Definition
1)Oxidized fats injure the endothelium
2) Clots form and release growth factor.
3) Smooth muscle grows over the fatty core. |
|
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Term
| Describe the detrimental effects of scavenger cells trying to remove fats by eating them. |
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Definition
| They become "foam cells" in the core of the plaque. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Wall of the artery weakens and stretches.
-Increased risk of rupture and hemorrhage
-increased risk of clot formation. |
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Term
| What is the etiology of an aneurysm? |
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Definition
| It is atherosclerosis of the vessel wall. |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of AAA in people over age 65? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of an aneurysm? |
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Definition
| Plaque deposits in the intima lining, then the middle layer degenerates, then the vessel walls lose elasticity, then the vessel weakens and the aorta dilates. |
|
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of an aneurysm? |
|
Definition
-asymptomatic.
-Abdoment may have a bruit, or pulsating mass (ascites)
-May have a severe headache or stroke (cerebral) |
|
|
Term
| How would an aneurysm be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
-Ultrasound/echocardiography
-Cat Scan
-MRI |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of primary hypertension? |
|
Definition
-Increased SNS activation
-overproduction of sodium containing hormones and vasoconstrictors |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of cases does primary HTN account for? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the etiology of secondary HTN? |
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Definition
| It is due to another disease process that can be identified. |
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Term
| A patient's blood pressure is 140-159/90/99. What stage of HTN is he in? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| A patient's blood pressure is 160/100. What stage of HTN is he in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-B/P measurements repeated over time.
-EKG and lab studies |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology of an embolism? |
|
Definition
| Matter obstructs small vessels, which leads to ischemia, which leads to infarction, which leads to tissue death (necrosis). |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of an embolism? |
|
Definition
-Organ damage
-Pain
-Pulmonary embolus
-Heart attack
-Stroke |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 main examples of alterations in red blood cells? |
|
Definition
| Anemias and polycithemias |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 major causes of anemia? |
|
Definition
-Blood loss
-Hemolysis
-Impaired RBC production |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the general clinical manifestations of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Weakness, pallor, claudication, angina, dyspnea, fatigue at rest |
|
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Term
| What are the body's compensatory responses to anemia? |
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Definition
| Tachycardia, tachypnia, renin-aldosterone response, EPO release, and increased 2,3, DPG. |
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Term
| What type of anemia is pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pernicious anemia characterized by? |
|
Definition
| A lack of intrinsic factor that begins in adulthood or ca be congenital. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the detrimental effects of pernicious anemia with adult onset. |
|
Definition
-Damage of gastric mucosa
-destruction of parietal cells
-loss of intrinsic factor or Vitamin B12 |
|
|
Term
| How is the presence of adult onset pernicious anemia detected? |
|
Definition
| Using the Schilling test. |
|
|
Term
| Folate deficiency is known to cause what classification of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Macrocytic-normochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Iron deficiency is known to cause which classification of anemia? |
|
Definition
| Microcytic-hypochromic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Slow blood loss is a cause of what pathologic condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What classification of anemia is aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify 2 types of hemolytic anemias |
|
Definition
-Sickle cell disease
-Thalassemias |
|
|
Term
| What is the classification of sickle cell disease in relation to heredity? |
|
Definition
| It is an autosomal recessive disease. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease? |
|
Definition
| RBC has hemoglobin S inside. When O2 level drops, RBC changes to sickle shape. This causes RBC to become rigid and rough. This causes them to accumulate in capillaries and smaller blood vessels. |
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Term
| What disease is characterized by a mutation in beta chains of hemoglobin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chemical condition causing RBCs to split |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain in muscles with exercise. |
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the tunica intima made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the tunica media? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is the tunica adventitia? |
|
Definition
| Collagen and elastic fibers |
|
|
Term
| Define ischemic heart disease |
|
Definition
| Disorders in coronart blood vlow due to stable or unstable atherosclerotic plaques. |
|
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Term
| What pathophisiological process involves the capillaries that supply tissue in the heart to becoming permeable, allowing plasma proteins, including fibrinogen to leave the capillaries and enter the spaces between this tissue? |
|
Definition
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