Term
| Memories of events, experiences, information, facts are what kind of memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Declarative memory is processed and retrieved where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Your behaviors, skills, motor memory and actions are included in what type of memory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Memories about how to do things, how to get things done and things you can do without alot of thought are part of declarative or non-declarative? |
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Definition
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Term
| non-declarative memories are processed where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is anterograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| Can't remember things that happened after accident or injury, such as they may not remember walking into the classroom and sitting down today, but they do remember things from long ago, such as where they were born. |
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Term
| What is retrograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| Cannot remember what happened previously. Can learn new skills but don't remember old things like who their parents are. |
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Term
| If a person has both retrograde and anterograde amnesia it is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What areas of the brain are impacted in an acute confusional state? |
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Definition
Reticular activating system
Thalamus
Basal ganglia |
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Term
| Signs of acute confusional state? |
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Definition
attention deficits
difficulty understanding thoughts or actions
delirium
confusion
signs come on all of a sudden |
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Term
| What can cause an acute confusional state? |
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Definition
drugs such as cocaine, sedatives, alcohol/drug withdrawl
metabolic disorders
diseases affecting the NS |
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Term
| What is cerebral hemodynamics? |
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Definition
| Blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain |
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Term
| What is cerebral perfusion pressure and its equation? |
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Definition
Pressure needed to get blood to brain cells.
CPP = MAP - ICP |
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Term
| What vessels are involved with cerebral blood flow? |
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Definition
Carotids
Vertebral arteries
Circle of Willis |
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Term
| When the levels of CO2 and H+ go up, what happens to the blood amounts in the brain and the blood vessels? |
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Definition
| Blood amount goes up and blood vessels dialate |
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Term
| What is the consequence on cerebral blood flow when O2 in the brain is decreasing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of astroglia in cerebral blood flow? |
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Definition
| Contribute substances so that when O2 goes down BVs are stimulated to dialate |
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Term
| How does the brain compensate for changes in amount of blood flow? |
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Definition
| Through amount of CSF and brain tissue |
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Term
| The amount of CSF being absorbed through the arachnoid villi increases in what stage of compensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in stage 2 of compensation? |
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Definition
Arterioles constrict because of build up in the brain, this causes hypoxia
& hypercapnea (inc. CO2) |
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Term
| Loss of autoregulation, further hypoxia and acidosis is seen in what stage of compensation? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does cerebral blood flow finally cease in compensation? |
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Definition
when Intracranial pressure equals Mean systolic arterial pressure
(ICP = MAP) |
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Term
| What are the serious consequences of stage 4 compensation? |
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Definition
| Hemorrhage, hernia, hydrocephalus, brain tissue pushing into all spaces including tentorium(?), brain stem and foremen magnum |
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Term
| What are the first clinical signs of compensation/altered cerebral blood flow? |
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Definition
Confusion
Drowsy
Pupils change
Respirations altered |
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Term
| Cheyne-Stokes breathing, bradycardia, Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation & Increased pulse pressure (SBP-DBP)manifest in what stage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What could increased ICP be a sign of in the brain, CSF and blood? |
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Definition
| Neoplasia, hydrocephalus, hematoma |
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Term
| What type of supratentorial herniation compresses CN III? and what are the signs of the compression? |
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Definition
Uncal
Signs are sluggish pupil response, which starts ipsilaterally and then contralaterally as CN serving the other side also gets compressed |
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Term
| Uncal supratentorial herniation puts pressure on what parts of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
What can be compressed in Cingulate gyrus
supratentorial herniation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of supratentorial herniation is shown by the downward shift of diencephalon & going from conscious to unconscious quickly? |
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Definition
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Term
Put the following in order from the inside of a muscle to the outside:
epimysium, fascicle, Muscle fiber cell, perimysium, endomysium |
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Definition
| Muscle fiber cell, endomysium, fascicle, perimysium, epimysium |
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Term
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Definition
| Connective tissue surrounding each muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Outermost surface of muscles
Connective tissue
Tapers to form tendons
Fascia is around it |
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Term
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Definition
Connects muscle to bone
Extension of the connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Divides fibers into fascicles
Surrounds different muscle fibers (fascicle) |
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Term
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Definition
Groups of muscle fibers
Surrounded by perimysium |
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Term
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Definition
| Surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle + nerve
An axon (motor nerve) comes out of the anterior horn of the spinal column
the axon connects with a muscle fiber
axon + muscle fiber = neuromuscular junction |
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Term
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Definition
motor units per muscle
Lower innervation ratios allow for precision of movement
high innervation ratio prevents fatigue |
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Term
| Muscle spindle fibers are types of: |
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Definition
Afferent nerves
Mechanoreceptors
intrafusal muscle fibers |
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Term
| What to muscle spindle fibers respond to? |
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Definition
| length & change of length |
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Term
| What message does muscle spindle fibers send and why? |
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Definition
They send a message of how extended a muscle is up the spinal cord
it keeps us from overstretching a muscle |
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Term
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Definition
• Light bands
• Thin fiber
• I bands |
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Term
| Characteristics of myosin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Z-disc to Z-disc
1 muscle cell |
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Term
| How does muscle contraction happen with actin, myosin, troponin and tropomyosin? |
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Definition
Actin in surrounded by tropomyosin with some troponin stuck on
Underneath the troponin is an active site the myosin's head can attach to
When the myosin head attaches to the active site, it pulls actin filament forward towards the center of the sarcomere
this pulling toward the center causes contraction |
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Term
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Definition
very specialized E.R. that contains lots of calcium
part of sarcotubular system and muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
An extension of muscle cell membrane.
Allow action potential to move up in muscle fibers.
Part of sacrotubular system in muscle fibers |
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Term
| Where does stimulation for a muscle contraction come from? (type of nerve and location) |
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Definition
| Efferent nerve of the anterior horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| What substance does the efferent nerve in the anterior horn of the spinal cord release to generate action potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance does the efferent nerve in the anterior horn of the spinal cord release to generate action potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does stimulation for a muscle contraction come from? (type of nerve and location) |
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Definition
| Efferent nerve of the anterior horn of the spinal cord |
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Term
| What happens after a muscle fiber action potential is generated? |
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Definition
| Action potential runs through T Tubules & T Tubules are depolarized |
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Term
| What happens after depolarization of T Tubules? |
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Definition
| Calcium is released from the S.R. & Calcium binds with troponin |
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Term
| What happens when calcium binds with troponin? |
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Definition
The active site on the actin is uncovered
Allows myosin head to bind to actin & pull actin forward |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium is released from the S.R. and allows muscles to contract |
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Term
| What substances are released during contraction? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine, sodium, calcium |
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Term
| What is the process of calcium during contraction? |
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Definition
Ca+ is released from the S.R.
Ca+ allows actin and myosin filaments to slide past each other
Ca+ is removed & pumped back into the S.R. |
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Term
| What causes rigor mortis? |
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Definition
| ATP is not available, myosin does not detach from actin head when contracted. |
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Term
| What is isometric contraction? |
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Definition
| Muscle held at constant length & the Load on the muscle is greater than the force the muscle can generate |
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Term
| What are some examples of isometric contraction? |
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Definition
Push or pull an immovable object
Pushing up against a wall |
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Term
| What are the two types of isotonic contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| In eccentric isotonic contraction tension ___ and muscle length ___? |
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Definition
| In eccentric isotonic contraction tension increases and muscle length increases |
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Term
| In concentric isotonic contraction tension ___ & muscle length ___? |
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Definition
| In concentric isotonic tension increases & muscle length shortens. |
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Term
| Characteristics of an agonist muscle |
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Definition
o Generate specific movement
o Provide normal range of motion
o Prime mover |
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Term
| Characteristics of an antagonist |
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Definition
o Opposition to agonist
o Return body part to original position |
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Term
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Definition
| o Decrease in muscle strength and bulk that happens with aging |
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Term
| ___ rupture more in younger people, but ___ rupture more in older people |
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Definition
| Muscles rupture more in younger people, but tendons rupture more in older people |
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Term
| Myoglobin is released from damaged muscle, urine turns red-brown, kidneys become damaged. What disease is this describing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some causes of rhabdomyolysis? |
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Definition
| Crush syndrome, compartment syndrome, snake bites, cocaine use, seizures, overuse of muscles (marathon runners) |
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Term
| What disorder is characterized by Chronic widespread joint and muscle pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances but is absent of inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is at greatest risk for fibromyalgia? |
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Definition
| Women 30-50, those who are depressed or anxious, with a low pain threshold |
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Term
| 4 major functions of bones? |
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Definition
| Structure, mineral storage, hematopoeisis, protection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What substance gives bones tensile strength and makes them less brittle and more stretchable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the main salts/minerals of bone? |
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Definition
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Carbonate
***Calcium salts - hydroxyapetite |
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Term
| What are the two types of lamellar bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of cancellous bone |
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Definition
o Spongey
o Contains bone marrow
o High Tensile strength
o Light weight |
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Term
| What is the name of the structure that allows blood vessels to run through bones? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Form bone based on shape and structure |
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Term
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Definition
| Control what osteoblasts and osteoclasts do |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bones actively grow from these areas until about 1 year after sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What kind of connective tissue is synarthroses made up of? and what parts of the body are they seen in? |
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Definition
Fibrous.
Skull & teeth where they hook into the jawbone |
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Term
| Where would you see cartilaginous joints? |
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Definition
| Intervertebral discs & symphysis pubis |
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Term
| Example of a pivot or rotary joint movement |
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Definition
| Atlas and axis of neck that allow you to nod your head “no” |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ball & socket joint movements |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| 3 phases of bone remodeling |
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Definition
Activation
Resorption
Formation |
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Term
|
Definition
• Transition between awake and asleep
Person doesn’t think they’re actually asleep
• Theta waves
• 5-10 minutes |
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Term
|
Definition
• Rapid, rhythmic brain waves
• Body temperature decreases
• Heart rate decreases
• ≈ 20 minutes |
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Term
|
Definition
• Delta waves
• Transition to deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
• Delta sleep
• Deep sleep
• Lasts ≈ 30 minutes
Parasomnias:
• Bed-wetting
• Sleep-walking |
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Term
| When does REM sleep begin? |
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Definition
| 1-2 hours into sleep and then every 90 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
• Rapid eye movement
• Increased respirations
• Increased brain activity
• Dreaming – not sure why this happens
• Voluntary muscles inactive |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How do you corrected farsightedness? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cornea is wobbly, lens has to correct. Can co-exist with myopia and hyperopia. |
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Term
| A man has sustained a contusion. He has changes in attention, memory, affect, and emotion. In which region of the brain is the contusion most likely located? |
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Definition
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Term
| An older adult alcoholic man has fallen and is told he has a hematoma that is on the top of his brain. What type of hematoma is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does edema occur in white or grey matter? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| herniation goes through the tentorium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| above the tentorium, bad but not as horrendous unless there is enough pressure like a herniation of temporal lobe |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| parts of cerebellum shift and go down into the spinal cord; putting pressure on the brainstem because it controls vital functions |
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Term
| Which brain lobe takes information and interprets in the brain as to the particular sounds you hear? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone formation, mass, remodeling, and healing of fractures |
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Term
|
Definition
-Disorder of uric acid metabolism (monosodium urate crystals deposited in soft tissues)
-Leads to joint destruction and renal damage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased norepinephrine or serotonin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| imbalance between acetylcholine (or cholinergic stimulation) and Epinephrine or norepinephrine (adrenergic stimulation) |
|
|
Term
| chemicals of the manic phase of bipolar |
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Definition
| Increased norepinephrine and serotonin receptors |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Capillary endothelium is more permeable
-Alterations in blood-brain barrier
-Proteins in intracellular spaces |
|
|
Term
| interstitial cerebral edema |
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Definition
-CSF into brain tissue
-Increased pressure in white matter
-Associated with hydrocephalus |
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