Term
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Definition
| The movement of "stuff" from greater to less concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid layer. No energy is expended. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of water and solutes due to the presence of pushing forces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of fluid (water) from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Or the moving of water between extracellular and intracellular. Always pulling!! |
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Term
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Definition
| The effective osmolarity of a solution. Can also be called osmolality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has the same osmolality as the ICF or ECF. Balanced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a lower concentration and is more dilute than the body fluids. Causes cells to swell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A more concentrated fluid. In the vascular system, it pulls H2O from the cells causing them to shrink. |
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Term
| Passive Mediated Transport |
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Definition
| A protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expending metabolic energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrier protein. It is a transmembrane or integral protein that binds with and transfers a specific molecule across the lipid bilayer. Each transporter has receptors for a specific solute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient. Requires the expenditure of energy. Many use ATP as their primary energy source. |
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Term
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Definition
| When extracellular substances are trapped in a section of the membrane that folds inward and seperates from the membrane to form an intracellular vesicle. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The excretion of macromolecules. |
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Term
| Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure |
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Definition
| The force of fluid pressing against the blood vessel. Blood pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of fluids within all body compartments. |
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Term
| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) |
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Definition
| The fluid within the cells. |
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Term
| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) |
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Definition
| The fluid outside of the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A compartment of the ECF. It is the space between cells and outside the blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Another compartment of the ECF. Blood Plasma |
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Term
| What are some other ECF compartments? |
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Definition
| Lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular. |
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Term
| Why are elderly people more susceptible to dehydration? |
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Definition
| Because of dcreased muscle mass. |
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Term
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Definition
| The force that pulls fluid through the semipermeable membrane. Can also be called oncotic pressure. |
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Term
| What forces favor filtration out of the capillary? |
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Definition
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) pushes fluid out of the capillary while interstitial oncotic pressure pulls fluid into the interstitium. |
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Term
| What forces favor reabsorption back into the capillary? |
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Definition
| Plasma oncotic pressure pulls fluid back into the capillary, while interstitial hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the interstitium. |
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Term
| What are some of the causes of edema? |
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Definition
| 1.) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, 2.) Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure, 3.) Increased capillary permeability, 4.) Lymph obstruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when lymphatic channels are blocked or surgically removed, and proteins and fluid accumulate in the interstitial space. An example of this is when it occurs in the arm or leg after the surgical removal of axillary of femoral lymph nodes for the treatment of carcinoma. |
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Term
| Decreased oncotic pressure is related to what? |
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Definition
| Lost or diminished production of of plasma protein. (albumin) |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of edema. |
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Definition
| Pitting, weeping(fluids leaking out of the skin), weight gain, swelling, decreased joint movement, decreased wound healing, increased risk of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulation of edematous fluid in the interstitial space, pleural space, or pericardial space and is unavailable for metabolic process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited to the site of trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Minifested by a more uniform distribution of fluid in interstitial spaces. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pit left in the skin which indicates edema. |
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Term
| When is ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) secreted? |
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Definition
| This is secreted when plasma osmolality increases or when circulating volume dereases and blood pressure drops. |
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Term
| Water balance is regulated by_________. |
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Definition
| ADH-Anti-diuretic hormone. It is against the excretion of urine. Also known as the water conservation hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the hypothalamus. They are stimulated when cells shrink in relation to loss of H2O causing thirst. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest contributor of ECF cations. It regulates osmotic (pulling) forces in the body. |
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Term
| What are some roles of sodium in the body? |
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Definition
| 1. Help maintain muscular irritability for counduction of nerve impulses, 2. Regulate acid base balances, 3. Participate in cellular chemical reactions and membrane transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the primary anion in the ECF. It follows sodium wherever it goes providing electro neutrality. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the Adrenal cortex. Increased production of it increases NA and therefore water. This in turn increases excretiion of Potassium which decreases potassium levels in plasma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased release of aldosterone which causes hypernatremia (high NA levels) which increases blood volume and blood pressures (Hydrostatic pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| Renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Renin is produced by specialized cells in the kidneys in response to low fluid pressure (decreased perfusion) in an attempt to increase pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Produced by the atrial muscle of the heart. When BP and blood volume are increased, stretching the atria, this is released. It lowers renin levels, BP, aldosterone release, ADH release, and increases excretion of NA and H2O. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Made in the ventricles of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isotonic deficit or dehydration. Low fluid volume. When H2O and NA are lost in the same proportion as they exist in normal body fluid (isotonic), this is an isotonic volume deficit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when solutions of both sides of a membrane have equal concentrations. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when sodium levels are excessive and there is a water deficit. This causes increased ECF causing the cells to shrink. Intracellular dehydration. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs with hypernatremia or a deficit of bicarbonate. It is usually secondary to another pathophysiologic process and is treated by treating the underlying disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
| Water excess, NA deficit. Decreased ECF osmolality (pulling) Increase in ICF. Cells swell. Also called water intoxication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the other side. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major intracellular cation. Its concentration is maintained by Na+ and K+ pumps. It regulates intracellular electrical neutrality in relation to Na+ and hydrogen. It is essential for transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction. |
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Term
| Healthy potassium (K) level is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Healthy sodium (Na) level is... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An acute state of acidosis. ECF levels of potassium rise above 5.5. Caused by increased intake of potassium, a potassium shift from the ICF, decreased renal function, cell trauma, and insulin deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| When ECF levels of potassium fall below 3.5. |
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Term
| What else can cause hypokalemia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases the block of Na+ into the cell. Increased neauromuscular activity (partial depolorization), muscle cramps. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases the block of Na+ into the cell, Muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, kidney stones, constipation, decreased neuromuscular excitability. |
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Term
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Definition
| Symptoms include osteomalacia, muscle weakness, bleeding disorders (platelet impairment) anemia, leucocyte alterations. Antacids can bind with phosphate and are excreted out of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| High phosphate levels are related to low calcium levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Associated closely with hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability, tetany, convulsions, hyperactive reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle depression, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, respitory depression, lethargy, drowsiness, hypoactive reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle depression, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, respitory depression, lethargy, drowsiness, hypoactive reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the distale tubule regulates acid-base balance by secreting hydrogen and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-) |
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Term
| Normal Arteriole Blood pH. |
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Definition
| 7.35-7.45 Can be obtained by an ABG sampling. |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a systemic increase in H+ concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| When there is a systemic decrease in H+ concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in pH caused by elevated carbon dioxide. Renal compensation occurs by elimination of hydrogen and retention of bicarbonate. Associated with hypoventilation. ex. pneumonia. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in pH caused by alveolar hyperventilation and reduced carbon dioxide. The kidneys compensate by decreasing hydrogen excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in pH caused by an increase in noncarbonic acids or a decrease in bicarbonate. Closely associated with renal failure and hyperkalemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in pH caused by an increase in bicarbonate ions secondary to an increase in metabolic acid loss. Can be caused by excessive vomiting. |
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Term
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Definition
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