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Pathophysiology 2
Pathophysiology Electrolytes and Fluids
77
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
09/02/2011

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Term
Diffusion
Definition
The movement of "stuff" from greater to less concentration.
Term
Passive transport
Definition
Water and small electrically uncharged molecules move easily through pores in the plasma membrane's lipid layer. No energy is expended.
Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
Movement of water and solutes due to the presence of pushing forces.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Movement of fluid (water) from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Or the moving of water between extracellular and intracellular. Always pulling!!
Term
Tonicity
Definition
The effective osmolarity of a solution. Can also be called osmolality.
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
Has the same osmolality as the ICF or ECF. Balanced.
Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition
Has a lower concentration and is more dilute than the body fluids. Causes cells to swell.
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition
A more concentrated fluid. In the vascular system, it pulls H2O from the cells causing them to shrink.
Term
Passive Mediated Transport
Definition
A protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expending metabolic energy.
Term
Transport Protein
Definition
Carrier protein. It is a transmembrane or integral protein that binds with and transfers a specific molecule across the lipid bilayer. Each transporter has receptors for a specific solute.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
Protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient. Requires the expenditure of energy. Many use ATP as their primary energy source.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
When extracellular substances are trapped in a section of the membrane that folds inward and seperates from the membrane to form an intracellular vesicle.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Cell drinking
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Cell eating
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
The excretion of macromolecules.
Term
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
The force of fluid pressing against the blood vessel. Blood pressure.
Term
Total Body Water (TBW)
Definition
The sum of fluids within all body compartments.
Term
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
Definition
The fluid within the cells.
Term
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Definition
The fluid outside of the cells.
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
A compartment of the ECF. It is the space between cells and outside the blood vessels.
Term
Intravascular Fluid
Definition
Another compartment of the ECF. Blood Plasma
Term
What are some other ECF compartments?
Definition
Lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, and intraocular.
Term
Why are elderly people more susceptible to dehydration?
Definition
Because of dcreased muscle mass.
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
The force that pulls fluid through the semipermeable membrane. Can also be called oncotic pressure.
Term
What forces favor filtration out of the capillary?
Definition
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure) pushes fluid out of the capillary while interstitial oncotic pressure pulls fluid into the interstitium.
Term
What forces favor reabsorption back into the capillary?
Definition
Plasma oncotic pressure pulls fluid back into the capillary, while interstitial hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of the interstitium.
Term
What are some of the causes of edema?
Definition
1.) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, 2.) Decreased interstitial oncotic pressure, 3.) Increased capillary permeability, 4.) Lymph obstruction.
Term
What is edema?
Definition
The excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces.
Term
Lymphedema
Definition
Occurs when lymphatic channels are blocked or surgically removed, and proteins and fluid accumulate in the interstitial space. An example of this is when it occurs in the arm or leg after the surgical removal of axillary of femoral lymph nodes for the treatment of carcinoma.
Term
Decreased oncotic pressure is related to what?
Definition
Lost or diminished production of of plasma protein. (albumin)
Term
Clinical manifestations of edema.
Definition
Pitting, weeping(fluids leaking out of the skin), weight gain, swelling, decreased joint movement, decreased wound healing, increased risk of infection.
Term
Third spacing
Definition
Accumulation of edematous fluid in the interstitial space, pleural space, or pericardial space and is unavailable for metabolic process.
Term
Localized edema
Definition
Limited to the site of trauma.
Term
Generalized edema
Definition
Minifested by a more uniform distribution of fluid in interstitial spaces.
Term
Pitting edema
Definition
A pit left in the skin which indicates edema.
Term
When is ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone) secreted?
Definition
This is secreted when plasma osmolality increases or when circulating volume dereases and blood pressure drops.
Term
Water balance is regulated by_________.
Definition
ADH-Anti-diuretic hormone. It is against the excretion of urine. Also known as the water conservation hormone.
Term
Osmoreceptors
Definition
Located in the hypothalamus. They are stimulated when cells shrink in relation to loss of H2O causing thirst.
Term
Sodium is....
Definition
The largest contributor of ECF cations. It regulates osmotic (pulling) forces in the body.
Term
What are some roles of sodium in the body?
Definition
1. Help maintain muscular irritability for counduction of nerve impulses, 2. Regulate acid base balances, 3. Participate in cellular chemical reactions and membrane transport.
Term
Chloride
Definition
It is the primary anion in the ECF. It follows sodium wherever it goes providing electro neutrality.
Term
Aldosterone
Definition
A hormone secreted by the Adrenal cortex. Increased production of it increases NA and therefore water. This in turn increases excretiion of Potassium which decreases potassium levels in plasma.
Term
Hyperaldosteronism
Definition
Increased release of aldosterone which causes hypernatremia (high NA levels) which increases blood volume and blood pressures (Hydrostatic pressure)
Term
RAA System
Definition
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Renin is produced by specialized cells in the kidneys in response to low fluid pressure (decreased perfusion) in an attempt to increase pressure.
Term
ANP
Definition
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. Produced by the atrial muscle of the heart. When BP and blood volume are increased, stretching the atria, this is released. It lowers renin levels, BP, aldosterone release, ADH release, and increases excretion of NA and H2O.
Term
BNP
Definition
Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Made in the ventricles of the heart.
Term
Hypovolemia
Definition
Isotonic deficit or dehydration. Low fluid volume. When H2O and NA are lost in the same proportion as they exist in normal body fluid (isotonic), this is an isotonic volume deficit.
Term
Isotonic Environment
Definition
Occurs when solutions of both sides of a membrane have equal concentrations.
Term
Hypervolemia
Definition
Isotonic fluid excess.
Term
Hypernatremia
Definition
Occurs when sodium levels are excessive and there is a water deficit. This causes increased ECF causing the cells to shrink. Intracellular dehydration.
Term
Pure Water Deficit
Definition
Renal water loss.
Term
Hyperchloremia
Definition
Occurs with hypernatremia or a deficit of bicarbonate. It is usually secondary to another pathophysiologic process and is treated by treating the underlying disorder.
Term
Hyponatremia
Definition
Water excess, NA deficit. Decreased ECF osmolality (pulling) Increase in ICF. Cells swell. Also called water intoxication.
Term
Filtration
Definition
The movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (force) on one side of the membrane than on the other side.
Term
Potassium
Definition
The major intracellular cation. Its concentration is maintained by Na+ and K+ pumps. It regulates intracellular electrical neutrality in relation to Na+ and hydrogen. It is essential for transmission and conduction of nerve impulses, cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction.
Term
Healthy potassium (K) level is...
Definition
3.5-5.5
Term
Healthy sodium (Na) level is...
Definition
135-147
Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition
An acute state of acidosis. ECF levels of potassium rise above 5.5. Caused by increased intake of potassium, a potassium shift from the ICF, decreased renal function, cell trauma, and insulin deficiency.
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
When ECF levels of potassium fall below 3.5.
Term
What else can cause hypokalemia?
Definition
Hyperaldosteronism.
Term
Hypocalcemia
Definition
Decreases the block of Na+ into the cell. Increased neauromuscular activity (partial depolorization), muscle cramps.
Term
Hypercalcemia
Definition
Increases the block of Na+ into the cell, Muscle weakness, cardiac arrest, kidney stones, constipation, decreased neuromuscular excitability.
Term
Hypophosphatemia
Definition
Symptoms include osteomalacia, muscle weakness, bleeding disorders (platelet impairment) anemia, leucocyte alterations. Antacids can bind with phosphate and are excreted out of the body.
Term
Hyperphosphatemia
Definition
High phosphate levels are related to low calcium levels.
Term
Hypomagnesemia
Definition
Associated closely with hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. Symptoms include neuromuscular irritability, tetany, convulsions, hyperactive reflexes.
Term
Hypermagnesemia
Definition
Skeletal muscle depression, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, respitory depression, lethargy, drowsiness, hypoactive reflexes.
Term
Hypermagnesemia
Definition
Skeletal muscle depression, muscle weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, respitory depression, lethargy, drowsiness, hypoactive reflexes.
Term
Normal bicarbonate level
Definition
22-26 mEq/L
Term
Renal Buffering
Definition
When the distale tubule regulates acid-base balance by secreting hydrogen and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Term
Normal Arteriole Blood pH.
Definition
7.35-7.45 Can be obtained by an ABG sampling.
Term
Acidosis
Definition
When there is a systemic increase in H+ concentration.
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
When there is a systemic decrease in H+ concentration.
Term
Respiratory acidosis
Definition
A decrease in pH caused by elevated carbon dioxide. Renal compensation occurs by elimination of hydrogen and retention of bicarbonate. Associated with hypoventilation. ex. pneumonia.
Term
Respiratory Alkalosis
Definition
An increase in pH caused by alveolar hyperventilation and reduced carbon dioxide. The kidneys compensate by decreasing hydrogen excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption.
Term
Metabolic acidosis
Definition
A decrease in pH caused by an increase in noncarbonic acids or a decrease in bicarbonate. Closely associated with renal failure and hyperkalemia.
Term
Metabolic alkalosis
Definition
An increase in pH caused by an increase in bicarbonate ions secondary to an increase in metabolic acid loss. Can be caused by excessive vomiting.
Term
Normal CO2 levels
Definition
35-45
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