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| Underlying changes in the body. It explains structural and functional changes that occur during disease and also describes the responses of the body to these alterations. |
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| Study of the cause and distribution of disease. |
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| The number of new cases occuring in a specific area. |
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| The number of existing cases within a population during a specific period. |
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| Study of the cause of the disease including genetic(inherited factors); acquired (environmental influences); and multifactoral (a combination of both genetic and acquired). |
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| Diseases that have no known cause. |
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| Disease that occur as a result of medical treatment. Ex. some antibiotics can injure the kidney and cause renal failure. |
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| Clinical manifestations: Signs |
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| Physical findings that the healthcare professional sees during a physical examination or through various testing. |
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| Clinical Manifestations: Symptoms |
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| What the patient tells us. |
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| The naming or identification of a disease. |
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| The expected outcome of the disease. |
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| The sudden appearance of signs and symptoms that last only a short time. |
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| Disease that develops slowly and the signs and symptoms last for a long time, perhaps a lifetime. |
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| Protection. The cell is constantly making changes to a hostile environment in an attempt to keep the organism functioning at a normal state. May be temporary or permanent. |
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| What other disease accompanies an already exisiting disease. |
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| Predisposing factors that increase the probability of developing a disease. Include biologic, immune, lifestyle, chemical, physical, familial tendancies, and genetic. |
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| The body functions as an open system; meaning the environment has an affect on the body. |
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| The 8 chief cell functions |
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Definition
| 1. Movement, 2. Conductivity, 3. Metabolic absorption, 4. Secretion, 5. Excretion, 6. Respiration, 7. Reproduction, 8. Communication. |
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| Muscle cells generate force that produce motion. |
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| Cell Function: Conductivity |
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| An electrical impulse that passes along the surface of the cell to reach its other parts. Nerve cells |
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| Cell Function: Metabolic Absorption |
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| All cells can take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. |
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| All cells can rid themselves of waste products. |
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| Cell Function: Respiration |
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| Cells absorb oxygen whish is used to transform nutrients into energy in the form of ATP. Occurs in the mitochondria. |
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| Cell Function: Reproduction |
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| Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce themselves. Also to replace cells that are lost because of cell death. |
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| Cell Function: Communication |
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Definition
| Communication is vital for cells to survivie as a society of cells. |
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| The battery of the cell. Provides energy for various activities. |
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| Allows cell membrane to act as a barrier restricting loss of cell material and being selective on what material enters the cell. |
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| Proteins: Imbedded membrane proteins |
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Definition
| Intergral membrane proteins |
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| Proteins: Peripheral membrane proteins |
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Definition
| Live on the surface, attached to an intergral protein. |
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| Collagen, elastin, fibronectin |
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| Breakdown decreases strength in cartilage; occurs in osteoarthritis. |
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| Responsible for stretching and recoiling in organs such as the lung. (Think balloon) |
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| Promotes cell adhesion; lack of this occurs in some cancers which allows cancerous cells to travel to other parts of the body. (metastasizes) |
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| The communication of cells via direct physical contact. |
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| Hold cells together by forming either continuous bands or belts of epithelial cells or button-like points of contact. |
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| Barriers to diffusion, prevent the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membrane, and prevent the leakage of small molecules between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. |
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| The energy using process of metabolism. |
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| The energy releasing process of metabolism. |
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| Stores energy and transfers it from one molecule to another. Approximately 95% is formed in the mitochondria. |
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| Each enzyme has a need for a _________ in order for a specific substance to be converted to a product of the reaction. |
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| The breakdown of sugar. Produces 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule. |
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| Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
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| The first appearance of of chromosomes. |
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| Reproduction. Microtubules called spindle fibers are formed in the cytoplasm. As they radiate from two centrioles located at opposite poles of the cell and pull the chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell. |
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| Centromeres are starting to split. Begins when the the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart. |
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| The final stage.Two identical cells are formed. New nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes. |
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| Decrease of shrinkage in cell size. Causes can be disuse, denervation, decreased endocrine stimulation, decreased nutrition, and ischemia. |
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| Occurs with early development. An example is the thymus gland in children. |
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| Occurs as a result in the decrease in workload. An example is the loss of decrease in skeletal muscle as a result of a fracture. |
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| An increase in the size of cells. NOT NUMBER! Commonly seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. |
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| An increase in the number of cells. |
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| An adaptive mechanism that that enables certain organs to regenerate. An example is when part of the liver is removed, the remaining liver cells regenerate to compensate for the loss. |
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| Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells. Strongly associated with growth of cancer cells, but if stimulus is removed, may be able to reverse. |
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| A reversible conversion from one adult cell type to another adult cell type. An example is the substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar cells in the airways of a person who smokes. It is reversible. |
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| Occurs if the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of injurious stimuli. This can include chemical agents, hypoxia, and free radicals. |
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| Reduced blood flow. The most common cause of hypoxic injury. Can occur because of arteriosclerosis, thrombosis(blockage by blood clots), or embolus(traveling blood clot). |
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| Lack of sufficient oxygen. The single most common cause of cell injury. |
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| When O2 is restored to an area, chemical reactions can cause the formation of O2 free radicals. More white cells, especially neutraphils, go into the injured area and become trapped and may cause more injury. |
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| A yellow brown pigment derived from hemoglobin. |
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| Cell dissolution. The sum of cellular changes and self digestion (autolysis) |
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| Commonly results from hypoxia. Involves protein especially albumin. Seen mainly in kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands. |
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| Commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain.Tissues become soft (liquefies) and are walled off from other healthy tissue forming cysts. Can be caused by bacterial infections especially staph, strep, and E coli. |
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| A combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. The dead cells disintegrate, but the debris is not completely digested by enzymes. Tissue resembles cottage cheese. Usually seen in TB infections. |
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| Caused by lipases which break down fatty tissue. Releases free fatty acid through a chemical reaction and produces a soap type substance. Seen in breast, pancreatic and other abdominaal tissue. |
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| Death of tissue resulting from severe hypoxic injury. Two types: Wet and dry. |
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| Usually a result of coagulative necrosis. Skin becomes dry and shrinks. Color changes to dark brown or black. |
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| Develops when neutraphils invade the site. (liquefactive necrosis). Usually occurs in internal organs. Area is cold, swollen, and black with a foul odor. |
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| Develops when neutraphils invade the site. (liquefactive necrosis). Usually occurs in internal organs. Area is cold, swollen, and black with a foul odor. |
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| Infection of injured tissue by clostridium. Forms gas bubbles in the muscle tissue. Fatal if the enzymes break up red blood cell membranes--> decreases O2 carrying capacity. |
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Definition
| An important distinct type of cell death that differs from necrosis. It is an active process of cellular self-destruction that is also called programmed cell death. Unlike necrosis, it affects acattered, single cells, and results in shrinkaage of a cell rather than swelling. |
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| Important in the development of body tissue. It is responsible for the deletion of cells during normal tissue turnover and normal embryonic development. |
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| The result of intracellular events or adverse exogenous stimuli. |
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| The reduction of body temperature. |
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| Gravity causes blood to pool in the lowest tissues. |
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| Specialized endocrine cells that secrete hormone chemicals released by one set of cells that travel through the tissue through the bloodstream to produce a response in another set of cells. |
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| Hormones released into the blood by neurosecretory neurons. |
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| Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. The mediators only act on nearby cells. |
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| Signaling molecules may act back on the cells of origin. |
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| Most common type of injury seen in health care settings. A result of MVA of a fall. Result in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues. |
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| Bleeding into the skin and/or underlying tissues that squeezes or crushes soft tissues and ruptures blood vessles without breaking the skin. A Bruise. |
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| A collection of blood in soft tissues or an enclosed space. |
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| Removal of superficial layers of skin (scrape). Caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object. |
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| A tear or rip in the skin. More jagged and irregular, depth is irregular. |
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| Observed in uterine tissue and mammary glands during pregnancy. |
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| Occurs when the endometrium enlarges because of excessive estrogen production. |
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| An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron, which makes the atom or group unstable. In order to gain stability, it either gives up an electron or steals one. |
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| Damage caused by Free radicals. |
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Definition
| 1. Liquid peroxidation, which destroys unsaturated fatty acids, 2. Fragmentation of polypeptide chains within porteins, 3. Alteration of DNA by breakage of single strands. |
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| Refers to how the body attempts to achieve, maintain, or regain a state of optimal function. |
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| Contain enzymes that digest most cellular material. Cell injury results in the release of these enzymes that cause destruction of the cell. |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| Occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbs, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. |
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| Protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with smaller molecules called ligands. |
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| Smaller molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, etc) that bind with cellular receptors. |
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| Binds cells together; acts like glue. Provides a pathway for diffusion of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissues. |
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| Clusters of communicating tunnels that allow ions and molecules to pass from the inside of one cell to another. |
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| The production of cellular energy has 3 phases. |
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Definition
| Digestion, Glycolysis and oxidation, and the citric acid cycle(Kreb's cycle) |
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| An example is the increased growth of the uterus and mammary glands during pregnancy. |
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