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Pathophysiology 1
Basics, Stress, cellular alterations, Neoplasia, Immune system
165
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
01/31/2011

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Cards

Term
What is Pathophysiology?
Definition
The study of the body's response to dysfunction or disease. 
Term
What are the components of pathophysiology?
Definition

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical Manifestations

Diagnosis

Incidence

Term
What is Etiology?
Definition
The cause of the disease
Term
What is pathogenesis?
Definition
The development of a disease
Term
What is clinical manifestations?
Definition
Signs and Symptoms
Term
What is a diagnosis?
Definition
Designated as to nature or cause of a health problem
Term
What is incidence?
Definition
The prevalence of a disease in a population
Term
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Definition

sign- an objective finding (temperature, blood work results)

symptom- subjective data (nausea, headache)

Term
What are the levels of prevention?
Definition
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary 
Term
Describe the primary level of prevention and give an example
Definition

It is to decrease the probability of disease before the disease occurs 

 

ex//: flu shot and prenatal care

Term
Describe the secondary level of prevention and give an example
Definition

direct screening and public education (to make sure you don't have a disease)

 

ex//: screening for an STD

Term
Describe the tertiary level of prevention and give an example
Definition

restoration of optimal health during/after having a disease

 

ex//: hospital care and rehabilitation

Term

What is evidence based practice?

 

Definition
The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
Term
What is stress?
Definition
A body response to a stimulus this is perceived as threatening
Term
What body systems are involved in the stress response?
Definition
It is a full body response activated by the neuroendocrine system and the immune system
Term
What is adaptation?
Definition
The ability to respond to challenges of physical and physiological homeostasis and to return to a balanced state. 
Term
What is homeostasis?
Definition

the purposeful maintenance of a stable internal environment. 

 

*it is constant*

Term
What is negative feedback
Definition

Helps put the body back into balance like a heater in a house. What a change is detected in homeostasis, effector system returns the sensed function to set point range

 

ex//:  when the body is too cold, body shivers to get to correct temperature. When it reaches the correct temperature, it shuts off the need to shiver. 

Term
What factors influence the body's ability to adapt to stress?
Definition

Previous experience

Physiologic reserve

Time

Genetics

Age

Health status

Nutrition

Sleep/wake Cycle

Psychosocial factors

Term
What is a stressor?
Definition
An endogenous or exogenous change perceived that initiates a stress response
Term
What is endogenous?
Definition
An internal stressor
Term
What is exogenous?
Definition
An external stressor
Term
What is the stress response?
Definition
The determining factors of stress response is the properties of the stressor and/or the conditioning of the person
Term
What is the Local Adaptation Syndrome?
Definition
A short term response that is localized (does not include the entire body systems)
Term
What is the General Adaption Syndrome? What are the stages?
Definition

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic. A whole body neuroendocrine response. 

 

Stages:

1. Alarm

2. stage of resistance

3. stage of exhaustion

 

Term
What happens during the Alarm stage during the general adaptation syndrome?
Definition
The body senses stress. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is aroused, goes into fight or flight, and hormones are increased in the adrenal gland
Term
What happens during the resistance stage during general adaption syndrome?
Definition
The body's physical and psychological defenses are focused, fatigue, loss of appetite, joint pain, GI upset, body begins to adapt to new stressor
Term
What happens during the exhaustion stage of the general adaption syndrome?
Definition
The body depleted all its energy reserves, the body may become sick with disease or die, *stress triad* 
Term
What is the *stress triad*?
Definition

Hypertrophy of the adrenal glands (overuse, dumps too many hormones into the body)

 

Atrophy of the thymus gland (since immune system is based out of the thymus gland, immune system decreases)

 

GI Ulcers

Term

What are the functions of cortisol in the General Adaption Syndrome and the effects it may have on the body?

Definition

Stays ready for whatever stressor the body may encounter. In the exhaustion stage, cortisol increases in the body and makes new formation of glucose, stimulates breakdown of stored energy, reduces inflammation and immune functions, reduces WBC accumulation at sites of injury/infection, and stimulates gastric acid secretion

*stress triad*

Term
What is adaptive capacity and what can influence it?
Definition
stressors effect different responses in different people at different times
Term
What is physiologic reserve?
Definition
The ability of body systems to increase their function given the need to adapt
Term
What is anatomic reserve?
Definition
Paired organs that are not needed to ensure the continued existence and maintenance of the internal environment
Term
What is the pathophysiology of Chronic Stress?
Definition

Altered physiological function (cardiovascular, GI)

 

altered psychological factors (depression, accidents, drugs)

Term
What is the pathophysiology of PTSD?
Definition
activation of the stress response after life threatening event (form of chronic stress!)
Term
What are the mechanisms of cellular injury?
Definition

1. Free radical injury

2. hypoxic cell injury

3. physical cell injury

4. Radiation injury

5. Chemical injury

6. Biologic Agent cell injury

7. Nutritional imbalances cell injury

Term
What is the most common mechanism for cell injury?
Definition
Hypoxic Cell Injury
Term
What is Free Radical Injury?
Definition

Occurs when a chemical species with one or more unpaired electrons are in the outer orbit which react since they are unstable. When they react with cellular membranes and nucleic acids it causes cell damage 

Term
What is hypoxic cell injury?
Definition

A lack of oxygen which effects aerobic metabolism and ATP generation. It makes the cell run on anaerobic respiration which causes a decrease in pH, decrease in ATP production, inhibition of Na/K pump, and cellular edema

 

Is reversible with the return of oxygen

Term
What are the physical agents that can cause cell injury?
Definition
Trauma, Extreme temperatures, Electrical injuries (extensive tissue damage can cause cardiac impulses to be interrupted)
Term
What is Ionizing radiation and how can it injure cells?
Definition

(x-rays) directly injures/kills cells by breaking cell bonds

 

*energy above visible UV light*

Term
What is non ionizing radiation and how can it injure cells?
Definition

*energy below visible light*

 

affects cells by causing rotation and vibration of molecules (UV light - sun)

Term
What does chemical injuries do to cells?
Definition
They injure cells directly, block enzyme pathways, disrupt osmotic and ionic balances, and can metabolize into free radicals. 
Term
What happens to a cell when an injury occurs due to biologic agents?
Definition

(viruses and bacteria)

 

They are able to replicate self and change cells

Term
What happens to a cell when it is injured due to nutritional imbalances?
Definition

excess: causes obesity, too much vitamins and minerals and no where to store them. 

 

deficiencies: starvation- leads to lack in essential nutrition (fats and proteins) making body not be able to run properly.

Term
What is selective nutrient deficiency?
Definition
When only vitamins and minerals and lacking from diet
Term
What is the cellular processes during anaerobic metabolism?
Definition

Hypoxic (lack of oxygen) --> decreased pH --> reduced ATP production --> inhibition Na-K pump-->

edema in cells

 

ATP maintains your K and Na pump. If you don't produce enough ATP, pump doe not work so cellular edema occurs. Ca also influxes into the cell and this is a death sentence. 

Term
Why are injuries due to biologic agents different from other types of cellular injuries?
Definition

Because viruses or bacteria replicate and change the DNA within own cells.

 

*gram (-) is worse because it puts out toxins*

Term
What is atrophy? 
Definition
A decrease in cell size from disuse, paralysis, menopause, decrease in nutrition, or ischemia (lack of oxygen)
Term
What is hypertrophy?
Definition

An increase in cell size and functional capacity.

 

Can be caused by increased work load, pathologic reasons (adaptive hypertension in the heart/ compensatory in organs)

Term
What is Hyperplasia?
Definition

An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue (only in mitotic division)

 

Causes: pregnancy (hormonal) or regeneration of liver (compensatory)

Term
What is Metaplasia?
Definition
A conversion of one cell type to another from chronic irritation and/or inflammation
Term
What is dysplasia? 
Definition

Deranged cell growth of tissue that results in cell size, shape, and appearance.

 

*ABNORMAL* PRECANCEROUS*

Term
What cellular responses to injury is most likely to become malignant?
Definition
Dysplasia- deranged cell growth of tissue which is abnormal
Term
What is reversible cellular injury?
Definition

Cellular Edema (Na-K pump), and intracellular accumulations (normal cellular consitutants errors in metabolism), accumulation of pigments.

 

endogenous examples: melanin, jaundice

exogenous: coal dust 

 

Term
What is irreversible cellular injuries?  
Definition
Necrosis. Death of cells, organs, or tissue. Marked changes in appearance of cytoplasmic contents/nucleus. 
Term
What is necrosis?
Definition
death of one or more cells in the body
Term
What is Liquefaction necrosis?
Definition

cells die but catalytic enzymes not destroyed enzymes are not broken down (looks like mush)

 

ex//: stroke; what it does to the brain

Term
What is coagulation necrosis?
Definition

Development of acidosis and subsequent denaturing of the cells enzymatic and structural proteins. 

 

ex//: necrosis of myocardium, cant function- heart- MI

Term
What is fat necrosis?
Definition

death of adipose tissue from trauma and release of destruction enzymes

 

ex//: pancreas 

Term
what is caseous necrosis?
Definition

associated with TB lesions. Immune mechanisms wall of dead cells/ middle becomes white/soft/fragile

 

ex//: TB lesions

Term
What is Dry Gangrene?
Definition

Coagulation necrosis in extremities due to decreased blood flow. Skin wrinkles, shrinks, and turns black.

 

ARTERIAL PROBLEM

Term
What is Wet Gangrene?
Definition

Liquefaction necrosis due to interference of venous blood return. Area turns cold, swollen, black, fowl odor. Occurs in extremities and internal organs. 

 

ex//: VENOUS PROBLEM

Term
What is Gas Gangrene?
Definition
An infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria of CLOSTRIDIUM family. Gram (+) spore. Gas bubbles form in muscles.
Term
What is apoptosis? 
Definition

Shrinkage of cell and wrinkling of cell membrane. The cell death makes room for new cells to grow. Cell suicide eliminates worn out cells.

 

PATHOLOGIC (for disease) PHYSIOLOGIC (for normal body function)

Term
What is the process of tissue repair and wound healing?
Definition

Regeneration

 

Repair

 

Intention

Term
What is healing by primary intention?
Definition
Healing with close approximation. Minimal tissue loss. *want more* 
Term
What is healing by secondary intention?
Definition
large wound, more tissue loss. Longer to heal
Term
What are the phases of wound healing?
Definition

Inflammatory Phase

 

Proliferative Phase

 

Remodeling Phase

Term
What happens to the inflammatory phase during wound healing?
Definition

Time of injury

Preparation for healing

Blood clotting

clean debris

growth of blood vessels

Term
What happens during the proliferative phase during wound healing and when does it occur?
Definition

Occurs 2-3 days after initial injury

 

Fibroblasts make collagen 

Term
What happens during the remodeling phase of wound healing and when does it occur?
Definition

3 weeks after initial injury

 

Continues collagen synthesis and increases strength of wound 

Term
What factors will influence the process of wound healing?
Definition

High protein diet for wound healing

nutrition

oxygenation

immune response

infection

age helps with nitrogen levels

Term
What is wound dehiscence? 
Definition

Separation of wound edges after suturing (about 5-12 days after closing) 

 

Obese patients are more at risk

Term
What is Neoplasia?
Definition

New Growth. 

 

Abnormality of cellular growth

Term
What cancer has the highest incidence in men and women? What cancer has the highest mortality in men and women?
Definition

Men: Prostage

 

Women: Breast

 

Men/Women Mortality: Lung/Bronchus

Term
Describe the normal Cell Cycle?
Definition

G0- A resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and stopped dividing

G1- Cells increase in size. Ensures everything is ready for DNA synthesis

S- DNA replication

G2- Gap btw DNA synthesis and mitosis, cell grows. Ensures everything ready to enter M

M- Growth stops. Energy focused on division of 2 daughter cells. Middle of mitosis ensures cell ready to complete cell division

Term
In a normal cell, in what part of the cell cycle does it reside in most of the time?
Definition
G0 (resting place- not dividing)
Term
What are the characteristics of Normal Cells?
Definition

  • Slow division - most time spent in G0
  • Specific shape for an organ/tissue
  • Cytoplasm > nucleus
  • Performs specific differentiated function
  • Tightly adherent : DOESN'T MIGRATE
  • Contact inhibition: WON'T divide if something is next to them
  • Growth is orderly and well regulated

Term
What are the characteristics of malignant cells?
Definition

  • Rapid division- no time in G0
  • Anaplastic morphology- cant identify type or shape of cell
  • Nucleus > Cytoplasm
  • Lose some or all differentiated functions
  • loosely adherent: ability to migrate
  • Loss of contact inhibition: outgrows boundaries(invasion)
  • Poorly regulated growth- cells wont die to make room for new ones. IMMORTALITY 

Term
What are benign tumors?
Definition

Normal cells in the wrong place at the wrong time at the wrong rate. Show continuous growth. Maintain morphology and differentiation. They are nonmigratory and adhere tightly. They have orderly growth

 

*wont harm the body. Just need to be removed

Term
What are the stages (steps) of carcinogenesis?
Definition

Initiation

 

Promotion

 

Progression

Term
What are proto-oncogenes? 
Definition

(the on-switch)

 

Code for components of the cellular growth activating pathways. When activated, they become oncogene and promotes cancer 

Term
What do genetics have to do with carcinogenesis? 
Definition

There are 2 major genes involved in suppressing cancer. 

 

Rb gene and P53

Term
What does the Rb gene do?
Definition
It is the "break" of cells. Codes for large proteins in the nucleus and regulates the division of cells. 
Term
What does the P53 gene do?
Definition
Stalls cell division until it can repair problem or makes apoptosis
Term
What are tumor suppressor genes regarding carcinogenesis?
Definition

Off switch

 

Inhibit cellular proliferation. Cancers arise when function is lost

Term
What happens during the initiation step of carcinogenesis?
Definition

A mutation; an irreversible event. Must occur in cell that is able to divide. Requires a promoter (carcinogen) 

 

Hyperactivity vs. Inactivity

Term
What is hyperactivity? 
Definition
The over expression of growth related to gene production 
Term
What is inactivity?
Definition
Tumor suppressor gene
Term
What happens during the Progression step of carcinogenesis?
Definition
A detectable tumor (1 cm) as grows finds own blood supply (angiogenesis)
Term
What is angiogenesis? 
Definition
Forming new blood vessels. Most tumors don't initiate until late in development. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) stimulates proliferation of the VE cells
Term
What occurs during the Promotion step of carcinogenesis? 
Definition
Enhance the growth of initiated cells, permit expression of altered genes. Requires chronic exposure. Latent period btw initiation and promotion.
Term
What is a primary site regarding a tumor?
Definition
The original tumor from transformed cells
Term
What is a metastatic site regarding tumors?
Definition
a tumor established in another organ or tissue.
Term
What are some common carcinogens?
Definition

Chemical carcinogens

Physical

Viral

Dietary

Pharmaceutical

 

Term
What is complete carcinogen?
Definition
Initiates and promotes cancer. Should not be exposed to at all
Term
What is incomplete carcinogens?
Definition
Pure initiating agent. Cannot promote cancer
Term
What are examples of physical carcinogenesis and what can they do to the body?
Definition

Radiation : Ionizing (causes all types), UV (causes skin cancer)

Radiation causes little cell damage

causes Chronic irritation

Term
What is viral carcinogenesis?
Definition

Some retroviruses are carcinogenic. Microbes invade self cells, insert own genetic material into human DNA and mutation actives oncogene. Occurs with both DNA and RNA. 

 

ex//: Hep B/C, Herpes II, Epsien- Bar

Term
What are examples of dietary carcinogenesis?
Definition
Low fiber, high fat, preservatives, and dye= possible potential cancer risks?
Term
What are examples of pharmaceutical carcinogenic agents?
Definition

Diethylstilbestrol- increased cervical risk in children in womb

 

Estrogen- endometrial and breast

 

 

Term
What are extrinsic carcinogens?
Definition

Environmental factors that play a part in cancer.

 

80% of cancers in USA result from extrinsic carcinogens

Term
What are intrinsic carcinogens and examples?
Definition

Internal factors

 

Immunocompetence, age and genetics

Term
What is the most significant of the carcinogens?
Definition
Environmental factors (extrinsic) - 80% cause of cancer
Term
What is Metastasis?
Definition
The establishment of cancer tumor colonies distant from originating site (50-60% of the time). Enzymes secreted by tumors: chemotaxic. Tumor cells break fre and are transported to different sites . Most common in blood- borne
Term
What is the most common cause of metastasis
Definition
Through the blood (blood borne)
Term
Why do we grade and stage tumors?
Definition

To grade the levels of differentiation and number of mitoses. 

 

Staging classifies tumors according to clinical spread of the disease

Term
What is Organ Tropism?
Definition

Tumor original, if metastases, will most likely spread to a specific area depending on the type of cancer

 

ex//: Prostate cancer will most likely metastasize in the bone

Term
What is the process of grading and staging? 
Definition

Grading: how differentiated a cell is (want it to be differentiated) 

 

Staging: metastasis is bad, worst! If progresses, migrates to distant area. 

Term
What is differentiation?
Definition
What function a cell has/does and what the cell looks like. It is important because it can tell where the cell came from. If far mutated, cant tell what type of cell it is/ was
Term
What does TNM stand for when grading tumors? 
Definition

T= primary tumor

 

N= regional lymph nodes

 

M= distant metastasis

Term
What is the worst grading classification that could be diagnosed?
Definition
T4N3M1
Term
What are tumor markers and how can they occur?
Definition

Substances produced by the tumor or released by normal cells in response to the presence of a tumor. 

 

Can be caused by normal cells that were over exposed to carcinogens or cells developed in fetal development that reappear later as cancer

Term
What are the seven warning signs of cancer?
Definition

C- changes in BM or bladder

A- a sore that won't heal

U- unusual bleeding

T- thickening or lump

I- indigestion/ difficulty swallowing

O- obvious change in wart or mole

N- nagging cough

Term
What are some effects of cancer on individuals?
Definition
Pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, increased metabolism, cachexia (cut off of blood supply= no O2), pancytopenia (low hemoglobin), alopecia, oral ulcers
Term
What are some complications of cancer that occur?
Definition
changes in organ function, physical effects of tumor, ectopic hormone secretion, tissue breakdown
Term
What is the purpose of the immune system?
Definition

To neutralize, eliminate or destroy microbes that invade the body.

 

TO recognize and eliminate cancer cells

Term
What does it mean that the immune system differentiates between self and non self cells?
Definition

The immune system only responds against non self cells, therefore not attacking healthy self cells.

 

*self tolerance: ability to recognize self vs non self cells

Term
What is self tolerance?
Definition
Ability to recognize self vs non self cells
Term
What are the main cells of the immune system?
Definition
Leukocytes (WBC's)
Term
What factors influence the immune system?
Definition
Nutritional status, environmental conditions, medications, presence of disease, age
Term
What are the three processes involved in immunity?
Definition

Inflammation

 

antibody-mediated immunity (humoral)

 

cell-mediated immunity

Term
What are the components of the immune system?
Definition

Skin and mucous membranes

 

mononuclear phagocyte system

 

lymphoid system

 

bone marrow

Term
What is the most abundant type of cell in the immune system?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
What are included in Lymphoid cells in the immune system?
Definition
B cells, T cells, and NK cells
Term
What are B cells?
Definition

Part of the Lymphoid group

 

Major cells of antibodies (mediated immunity). ability to produce antibodies, and require help from helper T cells to respond to infection/disease

Term
What are T cells?
Definition

Part of Lymphoid group

 

Major cells of cell-mediated immunity

 

Helper-T cells interact with antigens and secrete cytokines that stimulate B-cell proliferation and antibody production

Term
What are NK cells?
Definition

Part of Lymphoid group

 

(Natural Killer cells) Look for cells that don't belong in the body. Innate  immune cells. Can kill tumor cells and virally infected cells with out previous exposure.

(Natural/ nonspecific immunity)

Term
What cells are included in the myeloid cell group in the immune system?
Definition

Red Blood Cells

 

Monocytes

 

Granulocytes

Term
What are Monocytes?
Definition

Part of Myeloid group

 

They are immature macrophages. 5% of total WBC count. They circulate in the blood stream for 3 days prior to entering tissue and maturing

Term
What are granulocytes?
Definition

Part of Myeloid group

 

Also known as neutraphils. 

 

First responders to infection. No energy reserve (6 hour lifespan). Only mature cells are capable of phagocytosis. Produce potent chemical mediators that enable non self cells to destroy microbes. 

Term
What disease causes the body to lose T cells in the immune system?
Definition
HIV/ Aids
Term
What are Macrophages and what do they do?
Definition
They are one of the cells first at the site of infection. They help with phagocytosis, repair of injured tissue, antigen processing, and secretions of cytokines. 
Term
What is complement?
Definition

20 plasma proteins that interact in a cascade fashion to produce important mediators or inflammation and immunity is activated by microbial agents or by antigen/antibody complexes. 

 

System, clotting

 

one activates one thing which activates another- everything is connected in the immune system and is important in inflammation and immunity 

Term
What is the process of inflammation
Definition

Increase in vascular permeability

 

Recruitment/emigration of leukeocytes

 

Phagocytosis of antigens and debris

Term
What are clinical manifestations?
Definition
The first signs and symptoms of infection
Term
What is another term for local?
Definition
Atopic
Term
What is another term for systemic?
Definition
anaphylactic 
Term
What are nonspecific components of the immune system?
Definition

Innate (natural) immunity

 

cellular and biochemical defenses that are in place before encounter with infectious agent. 

Term
What are the major components of natural immunity?
Definition

Epithelial cells (blocks entry)

 

Phagocytic neutraphils/macrophages (digest microbes)

 

NK cells (kill intracellular microbes/ foreign agents)

 

Complement system (amplifies the inflammatory response)

Term
What are the 5 classes of antibody (immunoglobulin) structures? Describe each
Definition

IgG (most common)- activates complement + crosses placenta

 

IgM0 activates complement + responsible for ABO incompatability

 

IgA - Secretory antibody found in mucous, saliva, tears, and b. milk

 

IgD - stimulates the B cells to multiply and mature

 

IgE -helps clear parasites and prevent respiratory infections ; mediates many of the hypersensitivity reactions

Term
Where do B and T cells mature?
Definition

B cells - bone marrow and lymph tissue

 

T cells- in thymus

Term
What is MHC
Definition

Major Histocompatibility Complex. 

 

Cluster of genes on chromosome 6 (also known as human leukocyte antigen HLA)

 

Proteins by these genes re displayed on the surface of body cells and mark them as self cells (bar scanner) 

Term
What is cell mediated immunity?
Definition

T-Cells

 

They recognize foreign antigens displayed on the surface of cells through specialized receptors called T cell receptors

 

They stimulate and organize response of total immune system

 

HELPER T CELLS- activation results in secretion of CYTOKINS necessary for colonal expansion of B and T lymphocytes

 

CYOTOXIC T CELLS- locate and kill abnormal cells through actions of perforins (toxin to kill bad cells)

 

Term
What is Antibody Mediated Immunity?
Definition

B CELLS

 

MEMORY B CELLS- contain antigen receptors and function in manner similar to memory T. When exposed to same antigen, memory cells respond more rapidly

 

PLASMA CELLS- Short lived antibody producing factories. Have receptors on their surfaces to bind to antigens. Each B cell binds only on particular antigen. Long lasting immunity is possible

Term
What happens during an antibody - antigen interaction?
Definition

Antibodies are proteins that bind to a specific antigen.

 

Antibodies precipitate

agglutination (antibodis binds to antigen forming large insoluable comples that precipitates out body fluids)

neutralizes (neutralizes toxin before reaches cells Opsonization (detecting antigen easily), complement activation

Term
How is immunity achieved?
Definition
Through a state of resistance against infection from a particular pathogen. Provided primarily by adequate levels of circulating antibodies (innate or adaptive)
Term
What are the differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
Definition

Innate: defenses in place before encounter with antigen. Provides rapid protection against infection. Able to distinguish btw self and non self but not specific agents

 

Adaptive: acquired through exposure of antigens. Not only able to distinguish btw self and non self but to recognize and destroy specific foreign agents based on their distinct antigenic properties

Term
What is the difference between active and passive immunity
Definition

Active: from having disease

 

Passive: temporary type that is transferred from another source (in utero from mother to infant)

Term
What is Autoimmunity?
Definition
When the body attacks its own tissue. Recognizes self cells as foreign and mounts an immune response that injures self tissue (breakdown of self tolerance)
Term
What is Hypersensitivity?
Definition

Normal immune response that is inappropriately triggered or excessive or produces undesirable effects on the body

 

Four types I-IV

Term
What is immunodeficiency?
Definition

Problem with B and/or T cells. 

 

No immune system (lack of B and T), severe infections, cant live ouside of sterile environment

 

Aids- no T cells, immune response never called on

Term
What is malignancy of WBC's?
Definition

Leukemia

 

a deficient immune response

Term
What are I, II, and III hypersensitivities considered and what is IV considered?
Definition

I,II,III: mediated by antibodies produced by B cells

 

IV: mediated by T Cells

Term
What occurs during Type I Hypersensitivity?
Definition

Atopic (local) or Anaphylactic (systemic)

 

IgE hypersensitivity (strong genetic linkage)

 

Sign and symptoms of allergic reaction after contact with antigen

 

IgE and mast cells for complex and on subsequent exposure to allergen, mast cell is degranulated

 

The release of mediators cause an inflammatory response

Term
What occurs during Type II Hypersensitivity?
Definition

It is tissue specific - cytotoxic

 

Antibody mediated by IgG or IgM

 

Antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surface usually resulting in lysis of target cells. 

 

may be activated by complement or by Phagocytic cells that are attracted to target cells by attached antibodies (ex//: transfusion reactions, graft vs host)

Term
What happens during Type III hypersensitivity?
Definition

Antigen antibodies complexes are deposited in tissues and result in the activation of complement and inlammation/destruction

 

Persistent low grade infections, inhalation of antigens into alveoli, and autoimmune production of antibodies may result in chronic production of antigen-antibody complexes

 

ex//: glomerulonephritis and SLE

Term
What happens during Type IV hypersensitivity?
Definition

Delayed hypersensitivity, cell mediated, does not require antibody production.

 

Sensitized T cells react with altered/foreign cells and initiate inflammation. Slow onset 24 hours post exposure

 

ex//: contact dermatitis, tuberculin rxn

Term
What is an IgA deficiency?
Definition

Primary Immunodeficiencies congenital disorder

 

Affects 1 in 400 people

 

Failure of IgA bearing lympocytes to become plasma cells

 

Constant respiratory, GI, and GU infections

 

Prevent infections/ treat with antibiotics

Term
What is a Bruton X-linked agammaglobulinemia? 
Definition

Primary Immunodeficiencies Cogenital Disease

 

Have immature B cells and unable to produce antibodies

 

No apparent problems until 4-5 months of age due to passive maternal IgG protection

Term
What is DiGeorge Syndrome?
Definition

A Primary Immunodeficiencies Congenital Disease

 

Developmental T cell disorder with total or partial loss of the thymus gland function

 

associated with other congenital problems such as cardiac

 

B cell levels are normal; may have abnormal antibody response due to decreased T cells

Term
What is Chronic Mucocutancous Candidiasis?
Definition
A selective deficiency against candida albicans 
Term
What is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders (SCID)
Definition

No immune system - lack of B and T cells

 

characterized by severe infections and or neoplasms

 

cant live out of steril environment

 

treatment: bone marrow transplant or gene therapy

Term
What is HIV?
Definition

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

 

Defective cell mediated immunity and a decrease in CD4+ cells or helper T cells

 

caused by retrovirus: has only RNA as genetic material

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