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Pathophys Part 3 GU
Alterations of Urinary System Function
101
Health Care
Not Applicable
06/15/2012

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Term
Glomerulonephritis
Definition
What is the group of renal diseases that are caused by immune responses, toxins, drugs, vascular disorder and other systemic diseases ? Early years include mild proteinuria and hematuria. Later years, renal insufficiency followed by nephrotic syndrome and accelerated progession to ESRD.
Term
Poststreptococcal Group A beta hemolytic streptococci
Definition
Diffuse - sub epitheal deposits of immune complexes, phagocyte infiltration; occlusion of glomerular capillary blood flow; decreased glomerular filtration
Term
Rapidly progressive or crescentic
Definition
Diffuse; accumulation of fibrin or cells proliferate into Bowman's space to form crescents and occlude glomerular filtration; antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies lead to damage tissue / kidney failure; Nonspecific response to glomerular injury
Term
Membranoproliferative
Definition
Diffuse; mesangial cell proliferation; thickened basement membrane; subendothelial deposits of immune complex occlude glomerular capillary blood flow / decrease glomerular filtration; Usually idiopathic, associated with activation of complement pathways.
Term
IgA nephropathy
Definition
Focal; some diffuse lesions; mesangial cell proliferation with IgA deposits; release of inflammatory mediators with crescent formation; sclerosis; interstitial fibrosis; decreased glomerular filtration rate; Usually idiopathic.
Term
Miminal change disease or lipoid nephrosis
Definition
Diffuse fusion of epithelial processes; loss of negative charge in basement membrane and increased permeability lead to proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome; Usually idiopathic.
Term
Focal glomerulosclerosis
Definition
Similar pathology to minimal change disease; Usually idiopathic
Term
Membranous nephropathy
Definition
Diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary wall from deposits of antibody and complement; increased permeability with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome; Usually idiopathic, can be associated with systemic disease
Term
Hypovolemia
Definition
Prerenal - an alteration of GU function associated with water/electrolyte losses and hemorrhage
Term
Hypotension
Definition
Prerenal - an alteration of GU function associated with Septic Shock, Cardiac failure, pulmonary embolism, interruption of renal artery flow
Term
Intrinsic or Intrarenal
Definition
Alteration of GU function associated with Prolonged renal ischemia, nephrotoxins, Glomerulopathies, Malignant HTN, coagulation defects, acute tubular necrosis
Term
Post Renal or Post Obstructive
Definition
Alteration of GU function associated with Ureteral obstruction, Edema, tumors, stones, clots, bladder outlet obstruction, prostatic hyperplasia and urethral strictures
Term
Name the 3 categories of Acute Renal Failure or Acute Kidney Injury
Definition
Prerenal, Intrinsic and Postrenal/Postobstructive
Term
ARF or AKI
Definition
the rapid deterioration of renal function accompanyed by elevation of BUN and Cr; oliguria also develops
Term
Elevated BUN can occur
Definition
without renal injury
Term
Rise in creatinine levels can be due to
Definition
medications that inhibit the kidney's tubular secretion
Term
CKD is
Definition
either kidney damage or a decreased GFR of less than 60mL/min/1.73m2 for 3 or more months
Term
Patients with CKD Stage 1, 2 and 3 are
Definition
generally asymptomatic
Term
CKD treatment should focus on
Definition
delaying/halting progression; treating pathologic manifestions; timely planning for long term renal replacement
Term
Stage 1 CKD is
Definition
Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR >90mL/min/1.73m2
Term
Stage 2 CKD is
Definition
Mild reduction in GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73m2
Term
Stage 3 CKD is
Definition
Moderate reduction in GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73m2
Term
Stage 4 CKD is
Definition
Severe reduction in GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2
Term
Stage 5 CKD is
Definition
Kidney failure with GFR <15mL/min/1.73m2 or dialysis
Term
Common cause of ESRD
Definition
Diabetes and hypertension
Term
If CKD is not managed
Definition
Uremia manifestations will effect the skeletal, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, hematologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, integumentary and reproductive systems
Term
Uremia will effect the skeleton by
Definition
demineralization of bone
Term
Uremia will effect the cardiopulmonary system by causing
Definition
HTN, pericarditis and pulmonary edema
Term
Uremia will effect the neurological system by causing
Definition
fatigue, attention deficit, peripheral neuropathy, stupor and coma
Term
Uremia will effect the hematologic system by causing
Definition
anemia, bleeding, infection and suppressed immunity
Term
Uremia will effect the Endocrine system by causing
Definition
retarded growth in children, osteomalacia and increased goiter
Term
Uremia will effect the GI system by causing
Definition
diarrhia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and urinous breath
Term
Uremia will effect the integumentary system by causing
Definition
pruritus and pigmentation
Term
Uremia will effect the reproductive system by causing
Definition
infertility, decreased libido, impotence and amenorrhea
Term
Glomerular disease is confirmed urinalysis which would show
Definition
hematuria with RCB casts and proteinuria that exceeds 3 to 5 grams per day
Term
The key features of Nephrotic syndrome are
Definition
proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
Term
IgA neprhopathy commonly occurs in
Definition
young male smokers
Term
IgA neprhopathy is also known as
Definition
Berger's disease
Term
Cystitis is an infection of
Definition
the lower urinary tract
Term
Cystitis is more common in
Definition
women due to a shorter urethra
Term
Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis are
Definition
painful/burning urination, freq voiding, hematuria, cloudy urine
Term
Cystitis microorganisms could be
Definition
E-coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Staphlococcus
Term
Pyelonephritis is an
Definition
upper urinary tract infection
Term
Signs and symptoms of Pyelonephritis are
Definition
fever, chills, backaches, flank or groin pain and urinary dysuria
Term
Predisposing factors for Pyelonephritis are
Definition
kidney stonnes, vesicoureteral reflux, pregnancy, neorogenic bladder, instrumentation, female sexual trauma
Term
Renal adenomas are
Definition
uncommon but may become malignant
Term
Renal cell carcinoma is
Definition
the most common renal neoplasm occuring more often in men than women
Term
Renal cell carcinoma is associated with
Definition
tobacco use
Term
Renal cell carcinomas are what classification of carcinoma
Definition
adenocarcinomas
Term
Renal cell carcinomas manifestations are infrequent but signs and symptoms could be
Definition
hematuria, flank pain, palpable flank mass and weight loss
Term
Bladder cancer is
Definition
most common in men who are more than 60 yrs of age
Term
Bladder cancer risk is greater for men who
Definition
smoke or work in chemical, rubber and textile industries
Term
Most Bladder cancers are classified as what type of carcinoma ?
Definition
transitional cell carcinomas
Term
Transitional cell carcinomas originate where in the bladder ?
Definition
in the cells that make up the inner lining of the bladder
Term
Transitional cell carcinomas originate where in the bladder ?
Definition
in the cells that make up the inner lining of the bladder
Term
Bladder cancer is also classified to two other categories of carcinoma. What are they ?
Definition
squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
Term
Bladder cancer usually will metastasise to
Definition
lymph node, liver, bones and lungs
Term
Neurogenic bladder is
Definition
a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by interruption of the nerve supply to the bladdeer
Term
Neurogenic bladder can occur due to nerve disruption in
Definition
CNS or spinal cord
Term
Neurogenic bladder could be associated with nerve disruption caused by
Definition
Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal cord injury and other trauma
Term
Renal Stones or Renal Calculi are also called
Definition
nephrolithiasis
Term
The most common and smallest renal stone is
Definition
calcium oxylate
Term
Struvite is a renal stone caused by
Definition
magnesium, ammonium or phosphate
Term
Uric acid is a renal stone caused by
Definition
gout
Term
Renal Stones can form where
Definition
in ureter or bladder
Term
Large renal stones are called
Definition
staghorn calculi
Term
Urinalysis is
Definition
an essential part of exam for patients who may have renal disease
Term
Urinalysis will show
Definition
abnormal RBCs and WBCs, bacteria, protein, glucose or ketones in the urine
Term
Normal range for BUN-blood urea nitrogen
Definition
10 - 20 mg/dl
Term
Normal range for creatinine
Definition
0.7 - 1.2 mg/dl and indicates normal renal functin
Term
A rise in creatinine levels represents
Definition
a decreasing GFR
Term
Elevated BUN rises in what condition(s) and why?
Definition
dehydration, CKD and ARF/AKI as passage of fluid through the tubules is slowed.
Term
Hypoplastic kidney is
Definition
small but functionally normal OR underdev eloped and functionally abnormal
Term
Bilateral hypoplastic kidneys can cause
Definition
CKD
Term
Hemolytic uremic syndrome is
Definition
acute disorder associated with viral/bacterial illness; preceded 1-2 weeks by URI or GI infection
Term
Nephrotic syndrome in children is
Definition
similar to adult symptoms and is characterized by proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlimidemia and edema
Term
Hypospadias
Definition
congenital; urethral meatus is located on the ventral side or undersurface of the penis
Term
Epispadias
Definition
a defect in the placement of the urethral meatus in which the urethral opein is ventral and dorsal. THIS IS MORE COMPLEX AS IT EXTENDS INTO THE BLADDER.
Term
PVR or primary vesicoureteral refux is caused by
Definition
congential malpositioning of the ureter/ureters into the bladder allowing urine to retrograde UP the ureters
Term
SVR - secondary vesicoureteral reflux is due to
Definition
an infection causing mucosal edema and interferes with the antireflux mechanisms of the urinary tract
Term
Vesicoureteral reflux symptoms are
Definition
fever, recurring UTI and poor feeding
Term
Wilms tumor is
Definition
most common childhood cancer peaking at ages 2 - 3; approx 400 cases/yr in U.S.
Term
Stromal, Epithelial and Blastemic are cellular components in this tumor
Definition
embryonic; nephroblastoma; Wilms tumor
Term
Primary Enuresis occurs in a child due to
Definition
never obtaining continence
Term
Secondary Enuresis occurs in a child due to
Definition
having continence and then losing bladder control, i.e. incontinence.
Term
Squamous cell tumors begin in the inner lining of the bladder in what cells?
Definition
thin, flat cells
Term
Adenocarcinomas begin in the inner lining of the bladder in what cells?
Definition
the cells that make and release mucus and other fluids
Term
Cancer cells develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of
Definition
chronic irritation and inflammation
Term
The causes of Acute Renal Failure or Acute Kidney Injury can be
Definition
reversed to normal function
Term
Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed
Definition
when a 24 hours Urine collection shows a protein level greater than 3.5g
Term
Nephrotic syndrome may be
Definition
a secondary complication of renal disease
Term
Glomerular injury is identified by
Definition
the greater amount of urine protein
Term
Prerenal ARF or AKI is caused by
Definition
impaired blood flow
Term
Intrinsic or Intrarenal ARF or AKI is caused by
Definition
release of renal afferent vasoconstrictors and ischemic renal injury affecting the glomerulus or tubule
Term
Postrenal or Postobstructive ARF or AKI is caused by
Definition
increase in tubular pressure, decreasing the filtration driving force. This is RARE and occurs when obstruction affects the kidneys bilaterally.
Term
CKD - prevention of the disease can be aided by
Definition
limiting dietary intake of some nutrients, sodium, fluids and maintaining adequate caloric intake
Term
Common cause of CKD is
Definition
DM, Uncontrolled HTN, Polycystic Kidney disease and chronic inflammation of Kidney
Term
CKD - failure of preventive management can lead to
Definition
dailysis or kidney transplantation
Term
CKD - failed conservative treatment marked by uncontrollable HTN, hyperkalemia and uremia with neuropathies will require treatment by
Definition
dialysis
Term
Vesicoureteral reflux can be unilateral or bilateral and is classied as
Definition
with grade I being the least severe and grade V being the most severe
Term
Enuresis is
Definition
an inability to control urination after an age when bladder control should be achieved
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