Term
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Definition
| What is the group of renal diseases that are caused by immune responses, toxins, drugs, vascular disorder and other systemic diseases ? Early years include mild proteinuria and hematuria. Later years, renal insufficiency followed by nephrotic syndrome and accelerated progession to ESRD. |
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Term
| Poststreptococcal Group A beta hemolytic streptococci |
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Definition
| Diffuse - sub epitheal deposits of immune complexes, phagocyte infiltration; occlusion of glomerular capillary blood flow; decreased glomerular filtration |
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Term
| Rapidly progressive or crescentic |
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Definition
| Diffuse; accumulation of fibrin or cells proliferate into Bowman's space to form crescents and occlude glomerular filtration; antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies lead to damage tissue / kidney failure; Nonspecific response to glomerular injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffuse; mesangial cell proliferation; thickened basement membrane; subendothelial deposits of immune complex occlude glomerular capillary blood flow / decrease glomerular filtration; Usually idiopathic, associated with activation of complement pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focal; some diffuse lesions; mesangial cell proliferation with IgA deposits; release of inflammatory mediators with crescent formation; sclerosis; interstitial fibrosis; decreased glomerular filtration rate; Usually idiopathic. |
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Term
| Miminal change disease or lipoid nephrosis |
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Definition
| Diffuse fusion of epithelial processes; loss of negative charge in basement membrane and increased permeability lead to proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome; Usually idiopathic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar pathology to minimal change disease; Usually idiopathic |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffuse thickening of glomerular capillary wall from deposits of antibody and complement; increased permeability with proteinuria and nephrotic syndrome; Usually idiopathic, can be associated with systemic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Prerenal - an alteration of GU function associated with water/electrolyte losses and hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| Prerenal - an alteration of GU function associated with Septic Shock, Cardiac failure, pulmonary embolism, interruption of renal artery flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Alteration of GU function associated with Prolonged renal ischemia, nephrotoxins, Glomerulopathies, Malignant HTN, coagulation defects, acute tubular necrosis |
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Term
| Post Renal or Post Obstructive |
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Definition
| Alteration of GU function associated with Ureteral obstruction, Edema, tumors, stones, clots, bladder outlet obstruction, prostatic hyperplasia and urethral strictures |
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Term
| Name the 3 categories of Acute Renal Failure or Acute Kidney Injury |
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Definition
| Prerenal, Intrinsic and Postrenal/Postobstructive |
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Term
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Definition
| the rapid deterioration of renal function accompanyed by elevation of BUN and Cr; oliguria also develops |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rise in creatinine levels can be due to |
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Definition
| medications that inhibit the kidney's tubular secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| either kidney damage or a decreased GFR of less than 60mL/min/1.73m2 for 3 or more months |
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Term
| Patients with CKD Stage 1, 2 and 3 are |
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Definition
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Term
| CKD treatment should focus on |
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Definition
| delaying/halting progression; treating pathologic manifestions; timely planning for long term renal replacement |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR >90mL/min/1.73m2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Mild reduction in GFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73m2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Moderate reduction in GFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73m2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe reduction in GFR 15-29 mL/min/1.73m2 |
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Term
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Definition
| Kidney failure with GFR <15mL/min/1.73m2 or dialysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Diabetes and hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Uremia manifestations will effect the skeletal, cardiopulmonary, neurologic, hematologic, endocrine, gastrointestinal, integumentary and reproductive systems |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the skeleton by |
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Definition
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Term
| Uremia will effect the cardiopulmonary system by causing |
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Definition
| HTN, pericarditis and pulmonary edema |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the neurological system by causing |
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Definition
| fatigue, attention deficit, peripheral neuropathy, stupor and coma |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the hematologic system by causing |
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Definition
| anemia, bleeding, infection and suppressed immunity |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the Endocrine system by causing |
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Definition
| retarded growth in children, osteomalacia and increased goiter |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the GI system by causing |
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Definition
| diarrhia, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and urinous breath |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the integumentary system by causing |
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Definition
| pruritus and pigmentation |
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Term
| Uremia will effect the reproductive system by causing |
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Definition
| infertility, decreased libido, impotence and amenorrhea |
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Term
| Glomerular disease is confirmed urinalysis which would show |
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Definition
| hematuria with RCB casts and proteinuria that exceeds 3 to 5 grams per day |
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Term
| The key features of Nephrotic syndrome are |
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Definition
| proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria |
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Term
| IgA neprhopathy commonly occurs in |
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Definition
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Term
| IgA neprhopathy is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| Cystitis is an infection of |
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Definition
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Term
| Cystitis is more common in |
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Definition
| women due to a shorter urethra |
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Term
| Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis are |
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Definition
| painful/burning urination, freq voiding, hematuria, cloudy urine |
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Term
| Cystitis microorganisms could be |
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Definition
| E-coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas and Staphlococcus |
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Term
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Definition
| upper urinary tract infection |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of Pyelonephritis are |
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Definition
| fever, chills, backaches, flank or groin pain and urinary dysuria |
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Term
| Predisposing factors for Pyelonephritis are |
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Definition
| kidney stonnes, vesicoureteral reflux, pregnancy, neorogenic bladder, instrumentation, female sexual trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| uncommon but may become malignant |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common renal neoplasm occuring more often in men than women |
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Term
| Renal cell carcinoma is associated with |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal cell carcinomas are what classification of carcinoma |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal cell carcinomas manifestations are infrequent but signs and symptoms could be |
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Definition
| hematuria, flank pain, palpable flank mass and weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| most common in men who are more than 60 yrs of age |
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Term
| Bladder cancer risk is greater for men who |
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Definition
| smoke or work in chemical, rubber and textile industries |
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Term
| Most Bladder cancers are classified as what type of carcinoma ? |
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Definition
| transitional cell carcinomas |
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Term
| Transitional cell carcinomas originate where in the bladder ? |
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Definition
| in the cells that make up the inner lining of the bladder |
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Term
| Transitional cell carcinomas originate where in the bladder ? |
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Definition
| in the cells that make up the inner lining of the bladder |
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Term
| Bladder cancer is also classified to two other categories of carcinoma. What are they ? |
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Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| Bladder cancer usually will metastasise to |
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Definition
| lymph node, liver, bones and lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by interruption of the nerve supply to the bladdeer |
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Term
| Neurogenic bladder can occur due to nerve disruption in |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurogenic bladder could be associated with nerve disruption caused by |
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Definition
| Multiple Sclerosis, Spinal cord injury and other trauma |
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Term
| Renal Stones or Renal Calculi are also called |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common and smallest renal stone is |
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Definition
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Term
| Struvite is a renal stone caused by |
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Definition
| magnesium, ammonium or phosphate |
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Term
| Uric acid is a renal stone caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| Renal Stones can form where |
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Definition
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Term
| Large renal stones are called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an essential part of exam for patients who may have renal disease |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal RBCs and WBCs, bacteria, protein, glucose or ketones in the urine |
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Term
| Normal range for BUN-blood urea nitrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal range for creatinine |
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Definition
| 0.7 - 1.2 mg/dl and indicates normal renal functin |
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Term
| A rise in creatinine levels represents |
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Definition
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Term
| Elevated BUN rises in what condition(s) and why? |
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Definition
| dehydration, CKD and ARF/AKI as passage of fluid through the tubules is slowed. |
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Term
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Definition
| small but functionally normal OR underdev eloped and functionally abnormal |
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Term
| Bilateral hypoplastic kidneys can cause |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome is |
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Definition
| acute disorder associated with viral/bacterial illness; preceded 1-2 weeks by URI or GI infection |
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Term
| Nephrotic syndrome in children is |
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Definition
| similar to adult symptoms and is characterized by proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hyperlimidemia and edema |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital; urethral meatus is located on the ventral side or undersurface of the penis |
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Term
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Definition
| a defect in the placement of the urethral meatus in which the urethral opein is ventral and dorsal. THIS IS MORE COMPLEX AS IT EXTENDS INTO THE BLADDER. |
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Term
| PVR or primary vesicoureteral refux is caused by |
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Definition
| congential malpositioning of the ureter/ureters into the bladder allowing urine to retrograde UP the ureters |
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Term
| SVR - secondary vesicoureteral reflux is due to |
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Definition
| an infection causing mucosal edema and interferes with the antireflux mechanisms of the urinary tract |
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Term
| Vesicoureteral reflux symptoms are |
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Definition
| fever, recurring UTI and poor feeding |
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Term
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Definition
| most common childhood cancer peaking at ages 2 - 3; approx 400 cases/yr in U.S. |
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Term
| Stromal, Epithelial and Blastemic are cellular components in this tumor |
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Definition
| embryonic; nephroblastoma; Wilms tumor |
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Term
| Primary Enuresis occurs in a child due to |
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Definition
| never obtaining continence |
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Term
| Secondary Enuresis occurs in a child due to |
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Definition
| having continence and then losing bladder control, i.e. incontinence. |
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Term
| Squamous cell tumors begin in the inner lining of the bladder in what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adenocarcinomas begin in the inner lining of the bladder in what cells? |
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Definition
| the cells that make and release mucus and other fluids |
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Term
| Cancer cells develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of |
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Definition
| chronic irritation and inflammation |
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Term
| The causes of Acute Renal Failure or Acute Kidney Injury can be |
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Definition
| reversed to normal function |
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Term
| Nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed |
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Definition
| when a 24 hours Urine collection shows a protein level greater than 3.5g |
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Term
| Nephrotic syndrome may be |
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Definition
| a secondary complication of renal disease |
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Term
| Glomerular injury is identified by |
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Definition
| the greater amount of urine protein |
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Term
| Prerenal ARF or AKI is caused by |
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Definition
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Term
| Intrinsic or Intrarenal ARF or AKI is caused by |
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Definition
| release of renal afferent vasoconstrictors and ischemic renal injury affecting the glomerulus or tubule |
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Term
| Postrenal or Postobstructive ARF or AKI is caused by |
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Definition
| increase in tubular pressure, decreasing the filtration driving force. This is RARE and occurs when obstruction affects the kidneys bilaterally. |
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Term
| CKD - prevention of the disease can be aided by |
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Definition
| limiting dietary intake of some nutrients, sodium, fluids and maintaining adequate caloric intake |
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Term
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Definition
| DM, Uncontrolled HTN, Polycystic Kidney disease and chronic inflammation of Kidney |
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Term
| CKD - failure of preventive management can lead to |
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Definition
| dailysis or kidney transplantation |
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Term
| CKD - failed conservative treatment marked by uncontrollable HTN, hyperkalemia and uremia with neuropathies will require treatment by |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicoureteral reflux can be unilateral or bilateral and is classied as |
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Definition
| with grade I being the least severe and grade V being the most severe |
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Term
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Definition
| an inability to control urination after an age when bladder control should be achieved |
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