Term
| Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing caused by |
|
Definition
| Esophageal obstruction, tumors, strictures, diverticula, impaired esophageal motility, neural dysfunction, muscular disease and CVA |
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Term
| Dysphagia manifestations are |
|
Definition
| distention and spasm of esophagus after swallowing, regurgitation of undigested food |
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Term
| GERD or Gastroesophageal reflux occurs when chyme regurgitates into the esophagus and is due to |
|
Definition
| increased abdominal pressure, ulcers, pyloric edema, strictures and hiatal hernia |
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Term
|
Definition
| regurgitation of chyme within 1 hour of eating; acid reflux, asthma, chronic cough |
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Term
| Hiatal hernia is a protrusion of upper stomach into the thorax and is caused by |
|
Definition
| a congenitally short esophagus, trauma, weak diaphragmatic muscles at the GE junction, increased abdominal pressure |
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Term
| Hiatal hernia manifestation are |
|
Definition
| GERD, dysphasia, epigastric pain |
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Term
| Pyloric obstruction or narrow pylorus is caused by |
|
Definition
| peptic ulcer or carcinoma near pylorus |
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Term
| Pyloric obstruction manifestations are |
|
Definition
| epigastric fullness, nausea, pain and vomitus without bile |
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Term
| Intestinal obstruction or impaired chyme flow through the intestinal lumen is caused by |
|
Definition
| Hernia, intussusception or telescoping of one prt of the intesting into another, twisting or torsion, inflamed diverticula, tumor growth, loss or peristaltic activity or paralytic ileus |
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Term
| Intestinal obstruction manifestations are |
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Definition
| Colicky pain to severe/constant pain; vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, dehydration, perforation peritonitis and hypokalemia and acidosis with complications |
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Term
| Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is commonly associated with |
|
Definition
| hematemesis - bright /brown flood in vomitus; hematochezie - bright red frank rectal bleeding; or melena - dark,tarry stools. |
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Term
| Occult bleeding is slow, chronic blood loss caused by |
|
Definition
| iron deficiency anemia because stored iron in the bone marrow is exhausted |
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|
Term
| Occult bleeding is diagnosed by |
|
Definition
| testing for trace amounts of blood in normal appearing stools. |
|
|
Term
| Upper GI bleeding is likely caused by bleeding ulcers in the |
|
Definition
| esophagus, stomach or duodemun |
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|
Term
| Bleeding from the lower GI tract or jejunum, ileum, colon or rectum is likely caused by |
|
Definition
| polyps, inflammatory disease, cancer or hemorrhoids |
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Term
| Acute severe GI Hemorrhage is |
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Definition
| a life threatening condition with mortality depending on severity of volume and rate, age,other diseases and efficacy of treatment |
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Term
| Acute attacks of GERD with pain in mid-chest and middle abdomen can be confused with |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Barrett's Esophagus is caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Barrett's Esophagus is often associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Barrett's esophagus can develop into |
|
Definition
| a rare and deadly esophagael cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tissue lining the esophagus becomes replaced by tissue similar to the lining of the intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the mucous membrane layer of the stomach |
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|
Term
| Acute or Chronic Gastritis can affect the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute gastritis symptoms include |
|
Definition
| vague abdominal discomfort, epigastric tenderness and bleeding |
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|
Term
| Acute gastritis may be caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic gastritis occurs primarily in the elderly and is caused by |
|
Definition
| a progressive thinning and degeneration in the wall of the stomach |
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|
Term
| There are 2 types of chronic gastritis |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic fundal gastritis is |
|
Definition
| the most severe type and pernicious anemia develops due to intrinsic factor unavailable to facilitate absorption of Vit B12 |
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|
Term
| Chronic fundal gastritis is also known as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic antral gastritis is |
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Definition
| the most common type with H.Pylori being a major cause; occurs four time more often than fundal gastritis |
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Term
| Peptic ulcer is an ulceration or tear in the protective lining of |
|
Definition
| the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum |
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|
Term
| Duodenal Ulcers manifestation are |
|
Definition
| occur at age 25-50; due to increased acid production; alcohol, tobacco, H.Pylori; pain-food relief, common nocturnal pain; bleeding is common; malignancy is rare |
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|
Term
| Gastric ulcer manifestations are |
|
Definition
| occur at age 59-70 years due to increased stress, normal to low acid production; mod use of alcohol and tobacco; gastritis is common; H.Pylori mayh be present; pain-food-relief; uncommon nocturnal pain, chronic, no remission; exacerbation; bleeding is less common and malignancy is possible |
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|
Term
| Stress ulcers manifestations are |
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Definition
| related to severe stress, trauma, sepsis, head injuries; increased acid production; pain is asymptomatic until bleeding or performation occurs; bleeding is very common and the most frequent complication |
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Term
| Ulcers that extend through the muscularis mucosae and damage blood vessels are called |
|
Definition
| True Ulcers - which can hemorrhage or perforated the wall. Risk factors include smoking, H.Pylori and habitual use of NSAIDS or alcohol |
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|
Term
| Ulcers in ICD-10 are coded to the specific site when documented; peptic ulcers unspecified are coded to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ICD-10 includes ulcer codes for acute and chronic; hemorrhage / perforation or both for what specific sites |
|
Definition
| gastric duodenal peptic and gastrojejunal |
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Term
| Crohn disease or regional enteritis may affect |
|
Definition
| any part of the GI tract from mouth to anus |
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|
Term
| Crohn disease or regional enteritis may be caused by |
|
Definition
| smoking, diet and bacteria |
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Term
| A phenomenon of Crohn disease is that inflammation can be found in some segment of the colon or one side of the colon and not the other creating a pattern called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crohn disease manifestations are |
|
Definition
| family history, mild to severe abd pain; diarrhea; abd mass; small intestinal malabsorption; steatorrhea; skip lesions or lesions in entire intestinal wall; fistulas/abscesses/ narrowed lumen and possible obstruction |
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|
Term
| Ulcerative colitis manifestations are |
|
Definition
| mild to severe abd pain; diarrhea, bloody stools, increased cancer risk; lesions in mucosal layer of the large intestines |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| outpouchings or herniations of the mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall; occurring most frequently in the sigmoid colon |
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|
Term
| Two types of esophageal cancer are |
|
Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma - that begins in flat cells lining the esophagus and adenocarcinoma - that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids |
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|
Term
| Esophageal cancer manifestations are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risks for esophageal cancer are |
|
Definition
| malnutrition, alcohol, tobacco and chronic reflux |
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|
Term
| Two types of stomach or gastric cancer are |
|
Definition
| squamous cell carcinoma and adenomcarcinoma Cancers that forms in tissues lining the stomach. |
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Term
| Manifestations of stomach cancer are |
|
Definition
| anorexia, malaise, weight loss, upper abd pain, vomiting, occult blood, metastasis from stomach |
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|
Term
| Risks for stomach cancer are |
|
Definition
| dietary salty foods, nitrates, nitrosamines, gastric atrophy |
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Term
| This colorectal cancer grows in the ring of the left colon and grows in mass in the right colon. This type of cancer is an |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risks for colorectal cancer are |
|
Definition
| chromosomal deletions, polyps, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis and low fiber / high fat diets |
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|
Term
| Colorectal cancer manifestations are |
|
Definition
| pain, anemia, bloody stool, mass of right colon and obstruction of left colon, distension and elevated CEA |
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|
Term
| Name the two types of liver cancer |
|
Definition
| hepatocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma |
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|
Term
| Risks for liver cancer are |
|
Definition
| HBV, HCV, HDV, cirrhosis, intestinal parasites, alfatoxin,smoking and alcohol consumption |
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|
Term
| Liver cancer manifestations are |
|
Definition
| pain, anorexia, bloating, weight loss, portal hypertension, ascites +/-jaundice, elevated serum proteins and enzymes |
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|
Term
| Name the two types of Gallbladder cancer |
|
Definition
| secondary metastases and adenocarcinoma |
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|
Term
| Risks for gallbladder cancer are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gallbladder cancer manifestations are |
|
Definition
| steady pain, diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting and +/-jaundice |
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|
Term
| Pancreatic cancer is the 4th most common cancer death. Name the type of cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risks for pancreatic cancer are |
|
Definition
| chronic pancreatitis, cigarette smoking, alcohol and diabetes in women |
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|
Term
| Pancreatic cancer manifestations are |
|
Definition
| weight loss, weakness, nausea, vomiting, abd pain, depression, +/-jaundice, possible hypoglycemia if an insulin secreting tumor |
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|
Term
| Obesity refers to excessive body fat with a BMI over 30 and is associated with 3 leading causes of death Name them |
|
Definition
cardiovascular disease
cancer
diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| An imbalance between the amount of energy intake and expenditures is linked to excessive caloric intake in this disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obesity is a risk facter for what types of cancer in women |
|
Definition
| breast, cervical, endometrial and liver cancer in women |
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|
Term
| Obese men are at greater risk for these cancers |
|
Definition
| prostatis, colon and rectal cancers |
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|
Term
| Obesity is caused by excess calories or inherent metabolic problems. Name these two classifications |
|
Definition
Exogenous - excess ingestion of calories
Endogenous - inherent metabolic problems |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| refusal to eat beacaus of a distorted body image perception that one is too fat |
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Term
|
Definition
| binging or consumption of normal to large amounts of food followed by self induced vmoting or purging of the intestines with laxatives |
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|
Term
| Marasmus can lead to death due to |
|
Definition
| absolute deprivation of food |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| protein energy malnutrition |
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|
Term
| kwashiorkor can result in electrolyte imbalance, loss of renal, pulmonary and cardic functions due to |
|
Definition
| carbohydrate intake without protein intake |
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Term
|
Definition
| an asymptomatic diverticular disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a symptomatic inflammation of the colon most frequently seen in the sigmoid colon |
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|
Term
| Portal hypertension is a complication of liver disease caused by |
|
Definition
| obstructive or impeded blood flow in the portal venous system or vena cava; cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, parasite infection, hepatic vein thrombosis, right side heart failure |
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|
Term
| Portal hypertension manifestations are |
|
Definition
| esophageal and stomach varices with vomiting of blood, splenomegaly, ascites |
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|
Term
| Ascites is a complication of liver disease caused by |
|
Definition
| portal hypertension; reduced serum albumin levels, increase capillary hydrostatic pressure which pushes water into the peritoneal cavity, cirrhosis, heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, abdominal malignancies, nephrotic syndrome and malnutrition |
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|
Term
| Hepatic encephalopathy is a complication of liver disease and is caused by |
|
Definition
| blood containing toxins such as annomia are shunted from GI tract to systemic circulation allowing toxins to reach the brain |
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Term
| Hepatic encephalopathy manifestations are |
|
Definition
| subtle changes in cerebral function, confusion, tremor of hands, stupor, convulsions and coma |
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|
Term
| Hemolytic Jaundice or unconjugated bilirubin is a complication of liver disease and is caused by |
|
Definition
| excessive hemolysis of RBC because of immune reactions, infections, toxic substances or transfusion of incompatible blood |
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|
Term
| Obstructive Jaundice or conjugated bilirubin is a complication of liver disease and is caused by |
|
Definition
| obstruction of bile flow by gallstones or tumor preventing flow into duodenum or due to drugs |
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|
Term
| Hepatocellular Jaundice or conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin is a complication of liver disease caused by |
|
Definition
| Intrahepatic disease, obstruction by bile calculi, genetic enzyme defects and infections |
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|
Term
| Hepatorenal syndrome is a complication of liver disease caused by |
|
Definition
| a decrease in blood volume, intra vasoconstriction because the liver may fail to remove excessive vasoactive substances from the blood |
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|
Term
| Hepatorenal syndromes manifestations are |
|
Definition
| oliguria, jaundice, ascites, GI bleeding |
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Term
| Viral Hepatitis A has a 30d incubation period and is mild disease. Prevented by hygiene and immune serum globulin. Hep A transmitted via |
|
Definition
| fecal-oral, parenteral or sexual pathways |
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|
Term
| Viral Hepatitis B haas a 60-180d incubation period. Is a severe or prolonged disease; can be chronic, remain a carrier; Prevented by hygiene and HBV vaccine. Hep B is transmitted via |
|
Definition
| parenteral or sexual pathways |
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|
Term
| Viral Hepatitis D has a 30-180d incubation period; Is a severe disease; can be chronic, remain a carrier; Prevented by hygiene and HBV vaccine. Hep D is transmitted via |
|
Definition
| parenteral, fecal-oral or sexual pathways |
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|
Term
| Viral Hepatitis C has a 35-60d incubation period; level of severity is unknown; is a chronic disease; remains a carrier; Prevented by hygiene and screeing of blood; Hep C is transmitted via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viral Hepatitis E has a 15-60d incubation period; is severe disease in pregnant women; is not chronic and no carrier state; Prevention is by hygiene, safe water; Hep E is transmitted via |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Viral Hepatitis G is transmitted via |
|
Definition
| parenteral and sexual pathways. |
|
|
Term
| The clinical manifestation of the different types of Hepatitis are similar and consist of three phases. Name the phases |
|
Definition
| prodromal, icteric and recovery |
|
|
Term
| Prodromal phase of hepatitis is |
|
Definition
| the disease process beings about 2 weeks after exposure and ends with appearance of jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Icteric phase of hepatitis is |
|
Definition
| the disease process begins about 1-2 weeks after prodromal phase and lasts 2-6 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Recovery phase of hepatitis is |
|
Definition
| the jaundice begins to resolve at about 6-8 weeks after exposure. In most cases, liver function returns to normal within 2-12 weeks after the onset of jaundice |
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|
Term
| Fulminant hepatitis is a clinical syndrome and can be a complication of Hep B or Hep C. Fulminant hepatitis results from |
|
Definition
| severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells and potentital liver failure |
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|
Term
| Cirrhosis is an irreversible inflammatory disease disrupting liver structure and function. Obstruction caused by cirrhosis can cause portal hypertion. Name the causes of Cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| alcoholism and complications of Hep A or Hep B |
|
|
Term
| The toxic effects of chronic/excessive alcohol intake cause the liver to oxidize the alcohol into Acetaldehyde which damages hepatocytes; manifesting in hepatomegaly, splenmegaly, jaundice, ascites and decreased sexual function. Nam this form of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cause of this cirrhosis is unknown but is possibly due to an autoimmune mechanism that scars ducts and manifesting in hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice, ascites and circulating IgG. Name this form of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| Primary biliary cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| The cause of this cirrhosis is obstruction by neoplasms, strictures or gallstones, scars the ducts proximally and manifesting in hepatomegaly, splenmegaly, jaundice, ascites; Name this form of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| Secondary biliary cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
| The cause of this cirrhosis is viral hepatitis due Hep C, drugs or other toxins, consequence of chronic and severe liver disease; manifesting in hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice, ascites and liver is small/distorted. Name this form of cirrhosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gallstone formation is cholelithiasis and inflammation of the GB or cystic duct is cholecystitis. There are 2 types of gallstones - name them |
|
Definition
| Cholesterol and Pigmented |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol gallstones most common and are formed |
|
Definition
| in the bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol produced by the liver |
|
|
Term
| Pigmented gallstones are defined as |
|
Definition
| occuring later in life and associated with cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an acute or chronic GB disease almost always caused by the lodging of a gallstone in the cystic duct |
|
|
Term
| The preferred treatment for gallstones causing obstruction or inflammation is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Right Upper Quadrant pain and an intolerance to fatty food are manifestations of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relatively rare but a potentially serious disorder due to inflammation of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to an injury or disruption of the pancreatic ducts or acini |
|
|
Term
| Chronic pancreatitis is due to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute pancreatitis manfestations are |
|
Definition
| mild to severe epigastric or mid abd pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incomplete fusion of nasomedial or intermaxillary process occuring in the 2nd month of embryonic development and occurs in 1/600 births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defect that may affect only the uvula and soft palate but may extend forward toward the nostrils through the hard palate; frequently is associated with cleft lip |
|
|
Term
| Esophageal atresia in children is |
|
Definition
| congenital condition where the esophagus ends in a blind pouch and may be accompanied by a connection between the esophagus and trachea called tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) |
|
|
Term
| Pyloric stenosis in children is |
|
Definition
| obstruction of the pylorus due to hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter; obstructin is evident between 1-2 weeks and 3-4 months of age. Most common in boys |
|
|
Term
| Pyloric stenosis manifestations are |
|
Definition
| marked projectile vomiting at 2-3 weeks of age that does not resolve; weight loss, electrolyte imbalances and dehydration |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal secretions and amniotic fluid that fills the entire intestine before birth is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intestinal obstruction caused by the meconium of the newborn is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Congenital condition assocated with the failure of the parasympathetic nervous system to produce intramural ganglion cells in the enteric nerve plexes is |
|
Definition
| Congenital aganglionic megacolon or Hirschsprung disease |
|
|
Term
| One third of all intestinal obstructions in infants, occuring in 1/5000 births is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The telescoping or invagination of one portion of intestine into another, causing intestinal obstruction and most common in the ileum is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GER in children has been implicated as a possible factor in SIDS; GER is more common in premature newborns and resolves by 6-12 months. GER is due to |
|
Definition
| the return of gastric contents into the esophagus because of poor function of the lower esophageal sphincter in newborns |
|
|
Term
| A childrens multisystem disease primarily manifesting in the pancreas resulting in pancreatic insufficiency in 85% of children is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A loss of mature villous epithelium caused by the ingestion of gluten is called |
|
Definition
| Celiac sprue, celiac disease and now called Gluten-sensitive enteropathy |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with gluten sensitive enteropathy follow strict diets as the |
|
Definition
| gluten is toxic to the intestinal epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| In ICD-10 cleft lip is classified as |
|
Definition
| bilateral, unilateral, partial or complete |
|
|
Term
| In ICD-10, cleft palate is classified as |
|
Definition
| hard or soft, bilateral, unilateral, partial or complete |
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|
