Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammatory and neoplastic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of anaplasia. |
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Definition
| hyperchromatism, cellular OR nuclear pleiomorphism, mitotic figures, giant cell, loss of architecture. |
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Term
| Describe the two components of a tumor. |
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Definition
| parenchyma (proliferating neoplastic cells) and stroma (just supportive; fibrous CT, new BVs, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| hard growth with an abundance of stroma. |
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Term
| Name some things that should proliferate. |
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Definition
| respiratory, GI, and genito-urinary tract linings; mammary gland; skin, ovary/testes, bone marrow, myoblasts, fetus, wound healing |
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Term
| Leukemias and lymphomas=__% of all cancers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Benign cells (invade/do not invade). |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between metastasis and reactive hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| reactive hyperplasia=immune response or fibrotic muscle response. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where does colon cancer spread? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the local effects of neoplasia. |
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Definition
| swelling, irritation, vascular damage (meleria [black stool], secondary infection), visceral damage (obstruction, intussusception, perforation), compromised organ function |
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Term
| What is systemic cachexia? What kind of tumor is it found in? |
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Definition
| TNF released by macrophages increases muscle protein breakdown and decreases fat storage. PMF then delivers nutrients to the tumor. Found only in malignancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Masks symptoms of underlying neoplasm |
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Term
| Name some examples of paraneoplasms. |
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Definition
Cushing's: ACTH made by lung carcinoma
hypercalcemia: PTH made by lung carcinoma
Myasthenic SYNDROME: lung carcinoma makes antibodies to cross react with neuronal endings
Vascular: thrombosis (DIC, Trousseau syndrome) b/c of high coag protein |
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Term
| What kind of genes give rise to neoplasia? |
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Definition
| those controlling cell growth, division, and differentiation |
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Term
| What kind of genes give rise to neoplasia? |
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Definition
| those controlling cell growth, division, and differentiation |
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Term
| erb codes for _ and ret codes for _. |
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Definition
| expression, activation for receptor production |
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Term
| 10-20% of all cancers occur as a result of mutated .. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of anti-oncogenes= |
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Definition
| RB, p53, BRCA, APC, DCC, NF 1 and 2, WT1. |
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Term
| What is the first cancer suppressor gene discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if you mutate p53? |
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Definition
| LiFreumeni syndrome. p53 can't sense mutation/damage, so G1 continues and repair genes are not induced OR apoptosis does not occur on the damaged cell. |
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Term
| What do BRCA, APC, NF 1 and 2, and WT1 code for? |
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Definition
| breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma (1-hit hypothesis for polyps, 2 makes colon cancer), neurofibrosis, and Wilm's tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-apoptotic responsibilities. Overexpressed in malignant lymphomas. |
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Term
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Definition
| pro-apoptotic gene. Malignancy occurs when this gets deleted! |
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Term
| Cancer cells can reactivate telomerase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glue for cells to stick together |
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Term
| Name the steps needed for metastasis. |
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Definition
| remove cadherin, increase laminin/fibronectin, secrete proteolytic enzymes for BM degradation (metalloproteases), and move to vessels via cytokines (AMF). |
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Term
| What allows sticking to the BM? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What allows movement of cancer cells to blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the liver, long, bone, and brain common sites for metastasis? |
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Definition
| all are highly vascular with capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| unexplained, preferrential places for metastasis |
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Term
| Name one example of organ tropism. |
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Definition
| prostate-->bone, lung-->adrenals and brain. |
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Term
| What kind of inflammation is associated with most tumors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a natural killer cell? Give examples. |
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Definition
| lyse tumor cells without recognizing TSA. LAK, IL1. |
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Term
| What does a cytotoxic T cell do? |
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Definition
| recognizes TSA and lyses Tumor cells |
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Term
| What are components of tumor immunity? |
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Definition
| NK cells, TSA, TAA, Cytotoxic T cells. |
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Term
| What are some ways immunosurveillance can break down? |
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Definition
| tumor cells kill immune cells, depress them, or the TSA is gone. |
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Term
| How does lung cancer compare from US to Japan? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do skin cancer rates in NZ compare to those of Iceland? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does nasopharangeal/esophageal cancer compare in Asia and Iran? |
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Definition
| High; kimchee for asia and scalding tea for Iran |
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Term
| Three most common occurrences of cancer in males: |
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Definition
| Prostate (32), lung (16), colorectal (12) |
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Term
| Three most common occurrences of cancer in females: |
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Definition
| breast (32), lung (13), colorectal (13) |
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Term
| Three most common cancer deaths: |
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Definition
male: lung (33), prostate (13), colorectal (10).
female: lung (33), breast (18), colorectal (11) |
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Term
| Name some hereditary mutations |
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Definition
RB: retinoblastoma
p53: LiFraumeni syndrome |
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Term
| Familial mutations are __ and carry (specific/no specific) gene mutations. |
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Definition
or are not specific
no specific |
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Term
| What do the protein products of high-risk strain of HPV do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial cells and B lymphocytes. |
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Term
| What does EBV present as in healthy and immune-compromised people? |
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Definition
1. mono
2. B apoptosis is lost; Burkett's lymphoma (high bcl-2 expression) and also has a role in Hodgkin's lymphoma |
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Term
| What is Hep-B associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is helicobacter pylori associated with? What does it do? |
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Definition
chronic gastritis and linked to B cell stomach lymphomas
Helps proliferate B cells by stimulating T cells. |
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Term
| Name some things that increase chances of female reproductive cancer. |
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Definition
| increased age, increased length of reproductive life, fewer children, obesity, genetics. |
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Term
| Name a treatment for female reproductive cancers outside the typical treatments. |
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Definition
| anti-estrogen antibody therapy |
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Term
| What are normal levels of PSA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What if you've got greater than 4 ng/ml PSA serum levels? |
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Definition
| benign prostatic hypertrophy OR prostate cancer |
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Term
| Name a few treatment options for prostate cancer. |
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Definition
| surgery, brady/brachytherapy, radiation, hormone therapy |
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Term
| Name some "natural" things to prevent prostate cancer and what they do. |
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Definition
| saw palmetto (inhibits DHT synthesis), genstein (decreases angiogenesis, epithelial cell cycle, blocks GF receptor, antioxidant), lycopene |
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Term
| conditions which may be associated with malignancy: |
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Definition
| bronchial metaplasia, endometrial hyperplasia, liver cirrhosis, chronic atrophic gastritis, ulcerative colitis, adenoma of the colon |
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Term
| Give some examples of chemical initiators. |
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Definition
| aromatic amines and azo dyes, BBQ (polycyclic aromatic amines), 3M biproducts, aflotoxin, nitrosamides and nitrosamines |
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Term
| What do chemical promoters do? |
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Definition
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Term
| In grading, does grade IV have a good prognosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the letters of staging. |
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Definition
T=tumor size. 0-5.
N=nodal involvement. 0-3.
M=metastasis. 0-1. |
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Term
| Name some tumor markers. What are they also known as? |
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Definition
TAAs.
estrogen receptors (HER-2), alpha fetoprotein (AFP) in liver and testicular carcinoma; carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for colon, pancreas, and breast carcinoma; CA 125 for ovarian carcinoma |
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Term
| Are tumor markers normal in a child? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is given to a patient for immunity to attack a tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ/tissue makes blood until you are born? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a lymph node, where are B cells located? T-cells? Plasma and macrophages? |
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Definition
lymphoid follicles
parafollicular area
within medullary cords in the center. |
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Term
Leukopenia=
What is the most common cause? |
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Definition
low WBC count
chemotherapeutics |
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Term
| What's the typical WBC count in a healthy human? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lymphocyte malignancy within lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: leukocytosis is non-neoplastic. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis? |
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Definition
lymphadenitis is an inflammation of lymph nodes and seen with lymphadenopathy;
lymphadenopathy is independent of lymphadenitis, and is usually not painful |
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Term
| What is lymphocytic leukemia? |
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Definition
| derived from T and B cells |
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Term
| What is myelogenous leukemia? |
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Definition
| derived from monocytes, granulocytes, and megakaryocytes |
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Term
| Describe acute leukemias. |
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Definition
| fast, immature due to stem cell precursor is blocked. causes fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, organomegaly and CNS involvement. |
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Term
| Describe chronic leukemia. |
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Definition
| mature leukocytes. mostly granulocytes. causes anemia, fatigue, and organomegaly. |
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Term
| Where does malignant lymphoma come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What symptoms do you get from a malignant lymphoma? |
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Definition
| none, or lymphadenopathy, high WBC, weight loss, infection, fever (due to cytokines), malaise. |
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Term
| Describe non-hodgkins lymphoma. |
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Definition
| lymphadenopathy, non-tender nodal involvement, non-predictable, spreads to organs, can spill into blood. |
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