Term
| different mechanisms by which neurons can become damaged |
|
Definition
| acute injury, degeneration, demyelination, inclusions, depositions |
|
|
Term
| What type of tumor are most brain tumors? |
|
Definition
| Gliomas (80% of which are astrocytomas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| manifest with seizures, strong HA; poor prognosis due to population of astrocytes in brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CNS, presents in random/bizarre neuro events, difficult to diagnose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "acoustic neuroma," tumor of myelin sheath. Compresses several CNs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor of ventricular lining, can change size/shape of ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause demyelination, infarcts, hemorrhaging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign but damaging; pressure against parenchyma and brainstem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pathology of diabetic neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| high blood glucose interferes with the ability of the nerves to transmit signals. Also weakens the walls of the capillaries that supply the nerves with oxygen and nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What are s/s of diabetic neuropathy? |
|
Definition
| lose feeling in feet (pins/needles), slow onset, worse at night, lower extremity weakness, absence of ankle jerk reflex, ulceration on heels, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple Sclerosis: autoimmune demyelinating disorder that is often relapsing/remitting; can change, regress, digress, or be permanent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| weakness, numbness, tingling, intention tremor, unsteady gate, spasticity, dizziness, fatigue |
|
|
Term
| how can vision be affected by MS? |
|
Definition
| diplopia, lost vision, optic neuritis, blurred vision |
|
|
Term
| how do high temperatures affect MS? |
|
Definition
| increase probability of turning on neurons, increase the chance of hitting pain receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is a coup/countercoup injury? |
|
Definition
| most common head trauma brain damage; coup: head moves forward, brain strikes front of skull. Countercoup: head and brain move back in response and injures occipital region of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by skull fracture; meningeal arteries are torn; blood sits between skull and dura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concussion/contusion; meningeal veins are torn (often in subarachnoid space); blood sits between innter and outer membranes of cortex beneath the dura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood in the CSF; ruptured aneurysms, "worst HA ever"; blood between arachnoid membrane and pia mater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disruption of BBB; tumors can push on BBB allowing larger molecules to cross it (could also be due to infection or inflammation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary to cellular injury, ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secondary to hydrocephalus; pressure creates it in interstitial space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| displacement of brain parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cingulated cyrus under falx cerebri; compressed anterior cerebral artery; clinically silent, no underlying cause |
|
|
Term
| uncal (or trastentorial) hernia |
|
Definition
| temporal lobe against tentorium; damage to CN III and cerebral peduncles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebellum herniates thru foramen magnum; medullary compression; CV and resp dysfunction or arrest |
|
|
Term
| How can hydrocephalus result in cerebral dysfunction? |
|
Definition
| decrease in aqueduct space between 3rd and 4th ventricles, which causes blockage; CSF fluid builds up in lateral ventricles, which enlarges cranium (kids) and creates loss of parenchyma; reabsorption obstructed by meningeal trauma and fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Upper motor neuron damage (clinical signs) |
|
Definition
| spastic paresis/paralysis, Babinksi's sign, hyperreflexia |
|
|
Term
| lower motor neuron damage (clinical sign) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aphasia, personality change, memory loss, eventual gait disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein protein that creates amloid plaques which physically and chemically kill nerve tissue (creates plaques and tangles) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra; dopamine causes an increase and decrease in inhibition in different areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyper- and hypokinetic movement, loss of motor control (BN), decreased cognitive function (CC), resting tremor, trouble starting movement, festinating gait, pill-rolling tremor (sx can be unilateral) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ablate dorsal root ganglia; thalamic stimulation |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's Chorea pathology |
|
Definition
| tri-nucleotide repeat gene causes buildup of "huntington's" protein; effects BN, under-inhibition of nuclei, cortex remains excited |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's Chorea symptoms |
|
Definition
| Choreic ("dance-like") movements, sluggish eye movements, tics, rigidity in late stages, dementia, psychiatric imbalance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| UMN & LMN damage; may be genetic or caused by multiple concussions; target anterior horn motor neurons; degeneration of lateral corticospinal tracts, bulbospinal atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spasticity, fasciculation, brisk deep tendon reflex, muscle weakness, Babinski sign; often die from asphyxiation (LMN damage to diaphragm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secreted molecules that act on target cells distant from their site of synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| derived from tyrosine and secreted from thyroid and adrenal medulla; stored as granules in cytoplasm until needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most hormones are polypeptides; secreted by pituitary, parathyroid, heart, stomach, liver, & kidneys; synthesized as precursor molecules and processed by ER and Golgi (stored as secretory granules) until needed, then dumped into bloodstream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lipids derived from cholesterol; secreted by gonads, adrenal cortex, and plecenta; not stored by cells: rate of synthesis drives concentration |
|
|
Term
| What is general function of endocrine system? |
|
Definition
| maintains homeostasis and long-term control using chemical signals; a single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues or a single function can be regulated by several hormones. |
|
|
Term
| Cushings's Syndrome cause |
|
Definition
| endocrine disorder caused by hypersecretion of hormone cortisol, most often caused by exogenous steroid administration; also caused by anterior pituitary hormone that overproduces ACTH. |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's Syndrome symptoms |
|
Definition
| HTN, weight gain, central disambiguation of fat (back & neck), proximal limb weakness and atrophy, diabetic-like symptoms (from upregulated gluconeogenesis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas? |
|
Definition
| mutation in the alpha-subunit of the G-binding protein complex, which leads to persistent generation of cAMP and unchecked cellular proliferation. Most common cause of hyperpituitaryism; can be functional (hormone excess leads to clinical manifestations) or silent (no clinical signs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated levels of GH present after closure of the epiphyses; hepatic secretion of insulin-like growth factor is responsible for many clinical symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth in soft tissues, skin, and viscera; also growth in the bones of the face, hands, and feet |
|
|
Term
| Addison's Disease pathology |
|
Definition
| adrenal insufficiency (aka hypocortisolism) from autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex; also secondary cause from insufficient ACTH from pituitary (opposite of Cushing's) |
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease symptoms |
|
Definition
| loss of appetite, weight loss, hypoglycemia, muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| Conn syndrome pathology and symptom |
|
Definition
| hyperaldosteronism from a single adrenal tumor, or from hyperplasia of both adrenals; causes kidneys to take up too much Na and excrete K and H+, leading to hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis; HTN is only clinical symptom |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Insipidus pathology |
|
Definition
| ADH deficiency which leads to polydipsia and polyuria; excess urination can lead to hyponatremia; often due to malignant neoplasm or local injury (Nephrogenic DI: renal tubules unresponsive to ADH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elevated levels of GH prior to closure of the epiphyses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delayed puberty, diplopia, difficulty with peripheral vision, weakness, thick facial features, osteoporosis, increased sweat & sebum production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased levels of GH prior to closure of epiphyses; GH usually causes release of IGF-1, which plays major role in development; can be congenital, from tumor, or idiopathic |
|
|
Term
| Grave's Disease pathology |
|
Definition
| Hyperthyroidism triad of symptoms including thyrotoxicosis, opthalmopathy, and dermopathy (pretibial myxedema), an autoimmune disorder characterized by antibodies to the TSH receptor; elevated levels of T3, T4; leads to hypermetabolic state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot flushed skin, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, weight loss, diarrhea, exophthalmos, nervousness, heart palpitations |
|
|
Term
| Hashmoto's thyroiditis pathology |
|
Definition
| hypothyroiditis due to autoimmunde destruction of thyroid gland; thyroid enlarges as it tries to compensate for low T3, T4 |
|
|
Term
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis symptoms |
|
Definition
| depression, weight gain, sleepiness, dry skin, decreased concentration |
|
|
Term
| Hypoparathyroidism pathology |
|
Definition
| defective synthesis or secretion of PTH, also end-organ resistance. Ca and PO4 release from bone is impaired, Ca absorption in gut is limited; calciuria despite hypocalcemia; retention of PO4 from urine causes increased plasma PO4 levels |
|
|
Term
| Hypoparathyroidism symptoms |
|
Definition
| seizures, stridor, prolonged QTc, and tetany |
|
|
Term
| hyperparathyroidism pathology |
|
Definition
| low calcium causes PTH excretion, which acts to raise Ca by osteoclasts, renal and GI absorption, and increased PO4 excretion; usually caused by adenoma in a single gland; other glands often shrink from feedback inhibition; results in related hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH; too much ADH; water retention with resulting hyponatremia, cerebral edema and neurologic dysfunction; caused by ectopic ADH secretion or injuty to neurohypophysis (post. pituitary) |
|
|
Term
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) pathology |
|
Definition
| destruction of pancreatic beta cells (autoimmune, T-cells) leading to lack of insulin secretion; can result in ketoacidosis and coma |
|
|
Term
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) pathology |
|
Definition
| peripheral resistance to insuling and no compensatory response from pancreas; increased amounts of FFAs desinsitive insulin receptors |
|
|
Term
| Absolute deficiency of insulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenocoricotropic hormone, relased by the pituitary after release of CRH from the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior pituitary gland; consists of distal, intermediate, and infundibular parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein hormone produced and secreted by adipocytes into the systemic blood circulation; causes sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| advanced glycosolation end products; product of slow chemical rearrangemene tof early glycoselated products that accumulate over the lifetime of a vessel wall and cause cross-links to peptides to occur (which accelerates athergenesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| building-up reaction that costs energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hardening of the walls of arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when osteoclasts break down bone and cause Ca to be released into blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| receptor on parathyroid hormone that senses amount of Ca in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reaction that causes breaking down (does not use ATP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism in infancy/early childhood, usually due to iodine deficiency and involved impaired development of the skeletal system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sever mental retardation, short stature, coarse facial features, protruding tongue, and umbilical hernia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| corticotrophin-releasing hormone; produced in hypothalamus and acts on the pituitary to release ACTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of a hormone prevents release of either the same or another hormone (occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormone releasing hormone; produced by hypothalamus and acts on pituitary to release GH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka somatostatin; hormone released by hypothalamus to inhibit GH release by the pituitary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth hormone; produced from pituitary gland after stimulation from hypothalamus with release of GHRH or inhibition of GIH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polysaccharide of glucose, stored in the liver and released when needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of the thyroid; most common manifestation of thyroid disease, usually caused by iodine deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high blood sugar, caused by DM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive secretion of trophic hormones; usually caused by anterior pituitary adenoma, and produces single predominant hormone (prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH, Gonadotroph, mixed, or none) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of trophic hormones; results from ischemic injury, surgery, radiation, or inflammatory reactions (or nonfunctional pituitary adenomas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by structural of functional derangement that interferes with adequate production of thyroid hormone (can be primary or secondary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced and secreted by pancreas to lower blood sugar |
|
|
Term
| insulin-like growth factor I |
|
Definition
| hormone made in the liver that acts as second messenger to GH; has insulin-like effects on glucagon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta cell tumor that causes overproduction of insulin and hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone produced by adipocytes that contributes to insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accelerated atherosclerosis affecting the aorta and large and medium-sized arteries common in diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism developing in older children and adults involving apathy, mental sluggishness that may mimic depression (in early stages), listlessness, cold-intolerance, obesity, accumulation of muccopolysaccharide-rich edema which causes coarse facial features, tongue enlargement, and deepening of voice |
|
|
Term
| Nelson syndrome pathology |
|
Definition
| occurs after surgical removal of adrenal gland; causes aggressive corticotroph adenoma to develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to effects of pituitary tumor, also hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetes complication that causes kidney disease and renal failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetes complication that causes destruction of nerves due to inability to import glucose from the blood stream; major cause of ulcers on feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear receptor and transcription factory that is the target for TZDs; most highly expressed in adipose tissue, reduces amount of insulin resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| much thirst, symptom of diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| silent; most likely autoimmune due to circulating antithyroid antibodies; features as painless neck mass; returns to normal in a few months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene associated with hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrusion of the mandible that occurs when the shape of the face bones cause the teeth to be misaligned; result of gigantism or acromegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhage into a pituitary lesion causing rapid enlargement of the lesion and depression of consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most commeon hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma that causes amenorrhea, galactorrhea, loss of libido, and infertility |
|
|
Term
| relative insulin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complication of diabetes that is the major cause of blindness in the US; causes neovascularization that blocks the optic nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormones; released by thyroid after stimulation by TSH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear receptor in cells that binds thyroid hormone; results in formatino of hormone-receptor complex that binds to thyroid hormone elements in target genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone response elements; elements present in genes that regulate gene transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protrusion of the eyeballs due to hyperthyroidism (overactivity of symp nervous system overstimulates levator palpebre; also loose connective tissue accumulates behind orbits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abrupt onset of sever hyperthyroidism, from acute ACh elevation; medical emergency (leads to death from cardiac arrythmias) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypermetabolic state caused by elevated circulating levels of free T3 and T4, regardless of cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid-releasing hormone; released by hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone; released by pituitary after TRH stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brittle bone disease; problem with collagen type I synthesis; may also affect eyes, skin and ears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of chrondrocytes essential for long bone growth; major cause of dwarfism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "stone bones" - reduced osteoclast activity; carbonic anhydrase deficiency decreases acid production; hematopoesis decreases as compact bone impinges on the marrow cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced bone mass; can be localized (disuse) or global (from hormone-imbalance like hyperparathyroidism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mostly age dependent; too little estrogen or OPG (which regulates RANK-RANK binding, which increases osteoclast activity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from increased cortisol can cause it, as in glucocorticoid therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka osteitis deformans; paramyxovirus gets in cells, which then release IL-1, which leads to M-CSF and increased osteoclasts; results in too much bone & increased bone mass; bone is softer in nature and very disorganized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of bones to calcify in children; Vit D deficiency, resulting hypocalcemia stimulated excess parathyroid hormone, which stimulates renal phosphorous loss, further reducing deposition of Ca in bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder of bone from hypomineralization following cessation of bone growth; Vit D maintains Ca and PO4 homeostasis thry its action on bone, GI tract, kidneys, and parathyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| long term effects of hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
| osteoporosis, kidney stones, cardiovascular issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parathyroid hormone; raises Ca levels by releasing from bone and increasing amount absorbed from small intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Degenerative Joint Disease; degeneration of articular cartilage; more water, less proteoglycan in retained, which diminishes collagen network;
primary: insidius development with age;
secondary: second to traumatic injury, obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers surface of bones, forming a synovial joint; also called hyaline cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic and organic components of bone including type 1 collagen and hydroxyapetite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of RANK and other factors to stimulate osteoclasts to break down bone, and osteoblasts to build it back up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in transfer of Ca from bones to blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of Ca in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mature, differentiated cartilage cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone mass; used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases; causes jaw bone to break down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spongy or honeycomb structure of some bone tissue (typically found at the end of long bones) |
|
|
Term
| carbonic anhydrase II deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme required for osteoclast hydrogen ion excretion and acidification of bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| dominant negative mutation |
|
Definition
| impairs function of the normal allele; dominant negative mutation in collagen causes osteogenesis imperfecta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal development of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by osteoclasts; hallmark of hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibroblast growth factor receptor type 3; helps regulate bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bones that adhere together, usually with maturation, but can be due to immobility and/or injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for autoimmune diseases or immune-mediated diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes osteoporosis dut to increased osteoclast activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spreading in a hidden and usually injurious way |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| macrophage colony stimulating factor; produced by stromal cells and osteoblasts; attaches to a receptor on macrophage cell surfaces and aids in converting macrophages to osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affecting multiple joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that break bone down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka OCIF; a cytokine which can inhibit production of osteoclasts; member of TNF receptor superfamily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor; aka osteoprotegrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes Paget's disease (increased activity of osteoclasts & osteoblasts) |
|
|
Term
| pro-inflammatory cytokines |
|
Definition
| a cytokine which promotes systemic inflammation; examples are IL-1 and TNF alpha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving protons across the membrane of a cell, mitochondrion, or other subcellular compartment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| type I membrane protein that is expressed on the surface of osteoclasts and is involved in their activation upon ligand binding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stiffening of a structure, usually caused by a replacement of the normal organ-specific tissue with connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects all aging individuals (postmenopausal osteoporosis obviously affects only women after menopause) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyst under hyaline cartilage?? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (aka cancellous bone) less dense, softer, weaker, and less stiff than compact bone. It typically occurs at the ends of long bones, proximal to joints and within the interior of vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in calcium uptake; deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid build-up in body tissues, caused by increased capillary hydrostatic pressure/decreased capillary osmotic pressure, renal Na retention, or lymphatic or venous obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood backs up, lungs fill (pulmonary edema); R side forced to work harder leading to R ventricular hypertrophy; will lead to CHF |
|
|
Term
| right-sided heart failure |
|
Definition
| increased CVP, JVD; pulmonary effusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jugular venous distenction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interstitial fluid accumulation (non-pitting is the worse form) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased blood flow in local tissue due to an active physiologic process (like exercise) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impaired outflow caused by drop in cardiac output or tissue-level obstruction (impaired venous return of a tissue); passive process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruptured blood vessel; breakdown of hemoglobin (releasese bilirubin and hemosiderin); seen as petechiae, ecchymoses, purpura, or hematoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endothelium-derived factor released when lining of blood vessel is damaged; signals transient response of the smooth muscle near the injury to contract & close the vessel, preventing edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| von Willebrand factor; involved in primary hemostasis; exposed when endothelium of blood vessel is lost or damaged; provides a surface for platelets to adhere to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form a hemostatic plug in response to extensive break in a vessel; collagen directs the plates, they adhere to vWF, aggregate, and form a plug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thromboxane A2; chemotaxic chemical released from the platelets to encourage aggregation; aspirin reduces its release (COX2 pathway), which reduces platelet response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from endothelial cells; initiates secondary response/hemostasis; is a thromboplastin (pro-coagulant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps build the fibrin network |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue plasminogen activator; stimulated by thrombin, breaks down fibrin by activating plasminogen (which activates enzyme plasmin); can also be given clinically in case of CVA to dissolve or embolize clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "clot regulator"; blocks the coagulation cascade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitric oxide; released by platelets to further the distribution of the clot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
abnormalities in the consistency of the blood as a factor in the development of thrombosis:
1. endothelial injury (influenced by arterial circulation)
2. hypercoagulability (primary: genetic factors; secondary: acquired factors)
3. abnormal blood flow (stasis, turbulence) |
|
|
Term
| intercardiac mural thrombi |
|
Definition
| forms in a non-contractile myocardium after an MI due to stasis of blood flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be genetic (Factor V, elevated factor VIII, protein C/S deficiencies) or acquired (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythromatosus) |
|
|
Term
| Factor V (hypercoagulability) |
|
Definition
| Leiden mutation; activated protein C resistance; common point mutation; causes recurrent venous thrombosis, stillbirth |
|
|
Term
| elevated Factor VIII (hypercoagulability) |
|
Definition
| common point mutation; risk increased by oral contraceptives; causes deep vein thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| Protein C/S deficiencies (hypercoagulability) |
|
Definition
| homocystiniuria mediated - antithrombin III, thrombomodulin inhibition; rare autosomal dominant mutation; causes recurrent and spontaneous venous thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| heparin-induced thrombocytopenia |
|
Definition
| heparin antibodies may activate platelets; causes endothelial injury? |
|
|
Term
| systemic lupus erythromatosus (hypercoagulability) |
|
Definition
| lupus anticoagulant can activate platelets and inhibit prostacyclin; causes a sensitive phospholipid surface, increased risk of stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deficiency of platelets; if low they can take weeks for a compromised pt to build back normal levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thrombus that has broken free and traveled thru the vasculature (can happen with tPA treatment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually causes infarct in the lung or liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually causes infarct in the capillary beds; ischemia to distal tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| typically caused by fatty marrow from long bone entering bloodstream following trauma or surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka "the bends" aka Decompression sickness; air bubbles form within the blood vessels from N2 leaving solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rupture of uterine veins and infusion of placental material |
|
|
Term
| disseminated intravascular coagulation |
|
Definition
| wide-spread micro-thrombi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| happens when capillary pressure increases because of a rise in venous pressure due to a phlebo-thrombis; leads to edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from stasis in varicose veins or due to cardiac failure; major consequence is embolization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathological loss of tissue due to ischemic injury with occlusion; red: pulmonary, white: kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| plasma colloid osmotic pressure |
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system. |
|
|
Term
| interstitial fluid pressure |
|
Definition
| pressure exerted by the free interstitial fluid; if the pressure is negative this tends to suck fluid out of the vascular system and into the tissue space; if the pressure is greater than the intravascular pressure, fluid tends to move out of the tissue space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a blockage of the lymph nodes; aka lymphedema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka angiotensinogenase; enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system (RAS) that mediates extracellular volume and arterial vasoconstriction; cleaves angiotensinogen to yield angiotensin I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium and water and the release (secretion) of potassium in the kidneys; this increases blood volume and, therefore, increases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes blood vessels to constrict, and drives blood pressure up; part of the renin-angiotensin system; also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases blood pressure by stimulating a protein in vascular smooth muscle cells; angiotensin I is cleaved by ACE into angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related to hyperparathyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Angiotensin I-converting enzyme; a circulating enzyme that participates in the body's renin-angiotensin system; secreted by pulmonary and renal endothelial cells and catalyzes the conversion of decapeptide angiotensin I to octapeptide angiotensin II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medical condition where levels of albumin in blood serum are abnormally low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immediate but transient response due to
local neurogenic reflex that is amplified due to release of endothelin (potent vasoconstrictor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adenosine diphosphatase; An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine diphosphate |
|
|
Term
| what are the requirements for normal fluid homeostasis? |
|
Definition
| vessel wall integrity, maintenance of intravascular pressure, and osmolarity within an acceptable physiologic range |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that is harmless |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of a medical condition, especially tumors, to become progressively worse and to potentially result in death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormality of development; usually expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells; often indicative of an early neoplastic process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reversion of differentiation in cells and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the abnormal proliferation of cells, in which the growth of the cells exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues around it. The growth persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cancer that arises from transformed connective tissue cells (originate from embryonic mesoderm, which forms the bone, cartilage, and fat tissues) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invasive malignant tumor consisting of transformed epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a germ cell tumor (cancer) of the testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs (mesothelium); usually caused by exposure to asbestos |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system that presents as a solid tumor of lymphoid cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor of melanocytes. Such cells are found predominantly in skin, but are also found in the bowel and the eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a benign epithelial tumor growing exophytically (outwardly projecting) in finger-like fronds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tumor that derives from multiple tissue types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an encapsulated tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign tumor of glandular origin that may progress to become malignant, at which point they are called adenocarcinomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk it is said to be pedunculated. If no stalk is present it is said to be sessile. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, sinus(es), urinary bladder and uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variability in the size and shape of cells and/or their nuclei. It is a feature characteristic of malignant neoplasms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an early form of carcinoma defined by the absence of invasion of surrounding tissues (in situ: "in its place") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the increase of absorbance (optical density) of a material. The most famous example is a hyperchromicity of a DNA that occurs when DNA duplex is denaturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enclosing fibrous capsule that separates a benign tumor from the host tissue (not ALL benign tumors are encapsulated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metastases; discontinuous with the primary tumor; in remote tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutant alleles of proto-oncogenes; considered dominant because mutation of a single allele can lead to cellular transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer; when mutated to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oncogenes operate as gain of function (dominant) mutations, in which one vent elicits overt changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor suppressor gene mutations operate as loss of function (recessive) mutations, in which 2 events require overt changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal DNA replication process is seriously flawed; instead of making a single copy of a region of a chromosome, many copies are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an oncogene target cell; the most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in human tumors; ~30% of all human tumors contain mutated versions of the RAS gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recruited by ras to stimulates the MAP-kinase pathway to transmit growth-promoting signals to the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| n enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a protein in a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating CDK enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an event in which a cell is destroyed during mitosis; caused through apoptosis as a result of an attempt at aberrant chromosome segregation early in mitosis, or as a result of DNA damage later, during the metaphase/anaphase transition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The MAPK/ERK pathway is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell. The signal starts when a growth factor binds to the receptor on the cell surface and ends when the DNA in the nucleus expresses a protein and produces some change in the cell, such as cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular growth (identical or varied) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "guardian of the genome"; serves to block the cell cycle; very important regulator involved in cell stress; mutations in P53 can inhibit blocking of the cell cycle; 70% of tumors have something going on with P53 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells from body fluid, exfoliation (smear), aspiration (needle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determine germ layer or specific markers |
|
|
