Term
| horseshoe kidney gets caught on what artery? |
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Definition
| inferior mesenteric artery |
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Term
| most common congenital renal anomaly |
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Definition
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Term
| features of unilateral renal agenesis |
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Definition
| hypertrophy of existing kidney, hyper filtration failure later in life |
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Term
| features of bilateral renal agenesis |
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Definition
| oligohydramnios with lung hypoplasia, flat face with low set ears and developmental defects of the extremities |
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Term
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Definition
| noninherited, congenital malformation of the renal parenchyma characterized by cysts and abnormal tissue; usually unilateral when bilateral must be distinguished from PCKD |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infants, HTN, with congenital hepatic fibrosis and hepatic cysts |
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Term
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Definition
| aduts, HTN, hematuria and worsening renal failure; mutation in APKD1 or APKD2; with berry aneurysm, hepatic cysts and mitral valve prolapse |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited defect leading to cysts in medullary collecting dugs; parenchymal fibrosis leads to shrunken kidneys and worsening renal failure |
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Term
| prerenal azotemia mechanism |
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Definition
| decreased blood flow results in decreased GFR, azotemia and oliguria; reabsorption of fluid and BUN ensures; tubular function remains intact |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/2 obstruction of urinary tract downstream from the kidney; decreased outflow results in dec GFR, azotemia and oliguria |
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Term
| mechanism of post renal azotemia labs |
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Definition
| during early stage of obstruction, increased tubular pressure "forces" BUN into the blood, tubular function remains intact' with longstanding obstruction, tubular damage ensues, resulting in decreased reabsorption of BUN, decreased reabsorption of Na nd inability to concentrate urine (urine ism <500) |
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Term
|
Definition
| brown granular casts seen in urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased reabsorption of BUN, decreased reabsorption of Na and inability to concentrate urine |
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Term
|
Definition
1) ischemia = decreased blood supply leading to necrosis of tubules
2) nephrotoxic- AG, heavy metals, myoglobiuria, ethylene glycol, rediocontrast dye and urate |
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|
Term
| location of nephrotoxicity in the tubule |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| oliguria with brown, granular casts, elevated BUN and Cr, hyperkalemia with metabolic acidosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| NSAIDs, penicillin and diuretics |
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Term
|
Definition
| eosinophils in urine; steril pyuria |
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Term
| causes of renal papillary necrosis |
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Definition
| chronic analgesic abuse, DM, sickle cell trait or disease, severe acute pyelonephritis |
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|
Term
| clinical features of nephrotic syndrome |
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Definition
protien >3.5
hypoalbuminamie= pitting edema
hypogammaglobulinemia = inc risk of infection
hyper coagulable state = loss of ATIII
hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemi = fatty casts in urine |
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|
Term
| most common cause of nephrotic in children |
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Definition
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|
Term
| glomerular disease that may be associated with hodgkin lyphoma |
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Definition
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|
Term
| effacement of foot processes on EM |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of albumin with minimal chnage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| HIV, heroin, and sickle cell disease |
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|
Term
| most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in caucasian adults |
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Definition
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|
Term
| thick glomerular BM on H&E |
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Definition
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|
Term
| spike and dome appearance on EM |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sub endothelial with HBV and HCV |
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Term
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Definition
| intramembranous, with C3 nephtirit factor; dense deposit disease |
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|
Term
| mechanism of DM glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| high serum glucose leads to non enzymatic glycosylation of the vascular basement membrane |
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|
Term
| mechanism of microalbuminuria in DM glomerulopathy |
|
Definition
| glomerular efferent is more affected leading to high glomerular filtration pressure leading to hyper filtration injury |
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|
Term
| kimmelstiel wilson nodules |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| apple green birefringence under polarized light after with congo red |
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Definition
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|
Term
| characteristics of nephritic syndrome |
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Definition
| limited proteinuria, oliguria and azotemia, salt retention with periorbital edema and HTN, RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine |
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|
Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| post-strep glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| GAS or skin or pharynx; M protein mimicry |
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|
Term
| cola colored urine, oliguria, HTN, periorbital edema |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| hypercellular inflamed glomeruli on H&E |
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Definition
| post strep glomerulonephritis |
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|
Term
| subepithelial humps on EM |
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Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| wegener, microscopic polyangiitis, and churg strauss |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| most common type of renal dx in SLE |
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Definition
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|
Term
| granulomatous inflammation, eosinophilia and asthma |
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Definition
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|
Term
| composition of crescents in RPGN |
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Definition
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|
Term
| IC deposition in mesangium |
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Definition
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|
Term
| usually follows a mucosal infection |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| type IV colagen; results in thinning and splitting of GBM; hearing loss and ocular disturbances |
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Term
|
Definition
| sexual intercourse, urinary stasis and catheters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| positive leuk esterase and nitrites |
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Term
|
Definition
| E coli (90%), S sahrophyticus, K pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, E faecalis |
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|
Term
| etiology with young sexually active women |
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Definition
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|
Term
| UTI etiology with alkaline urine with ammonia scent |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sterile pyuria with + leak esterase |
|
Definition
| suggests urethritis 2/2 chalmydia or gonorrhea |
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|
Term
| risk factors for nephrolithiasis |
|
Definition
| high concentration of solute in urinary filtrate and low urine volume |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| DM, HTN and glomerular disease |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inc nitrogenous waste products in blood result in nausea, anorexia, pericarditis, platelet dysfunction, encephalopathy with asterixis and deposition of urea crystals |
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Term
|
Definition
| uremia, salt and water retention, hyperkalemia with metabolic acidosis, anemia, hypocalcemia (decreased 1-alpha-hydroxylation of Vit D), renal osteodystrophy |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels, smooth mm and adipose tissue; with tuberous sclerosis |
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|
Term
| most common type of renal stone |
|
Definition
| calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate |
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|
Term
| kidney stone with crohn's |
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Definition
| calcium oxalate or calcium phsophate |
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|
Term
| stone with urease positive organisms |
|
Definition
| ammonium magnesium phosphate |
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|
Term
| risk factors for uric acid stones |
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Definition
| hot, arid climates, low urine volume, and acidic pH; most common stone seen in patients with gout, leukemia or myeloproliferative disroders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| hematuia, palpable mass and flank pain |
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Definition
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|
Term
| paraneoplastic syndrome with RCC |
|
Definition
| EPO, renin, PTHrP or ACTH |
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Term
|
Definition
| Left sided varicocele because left renal vein by carcinoma blocks drainage of left spermatic vein leading to varicocele |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of VHL (3P) tumor suppressor gene leads to increased IGF-1 and increased HIF transcription factor (inc VEGF and PDGF) |
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Term
|
Definition
| adult males and as a single tumor in upper pole of kidney; smoking |
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Term
|
Definition
| with VHL (AD) and inc risk for hemangioblastoma of cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| most common malignant tumor in children |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| wlms tumor, aniridia, GU abnormalities, mental and motor retardation |
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|
Term
| Beckwith-Wiedemann sydnrome |
|
Definition
| Wilm's tumor, neonatal hypoglycemia, muscular hemihypertrophy and organomegaly |
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|
Term
| post common type of lower urinary tract cancer |
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Definition
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|
Term
| risks of urothelial carcinoma |
|
Definition
| cigarette smoke, naphthylamine, ado dyes and long-term cyclophosphamide or phenacetin use |
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|
Term
| flat pathway of urothelial carcinoma |
|
Definition
| high grade flat tumor and then invades; with early p53 mutations |
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|
Term
| papillary pathway for urothelial carcinoma |
|
Definition
| low grade papillary tumor that progresses to high-grade papillary tumor and then invades |
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Term
|
Definition
| recur and multifocal; with urothelial carcinoma |
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|
Term
| risk factors for SCC bladder |
|
Definition
| chronic cystitis, schostosoma hematobium infection and long-standing nephrolithiasis |
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|
Term
| causes of adenocarcinoma bladder |
|
Definition
| urachal remnant, cystitis glandularis, or extrophy of the bladder |
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