Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drug toxicity (alkylating agents); severe infection (gram neg sepsis) |
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Term
| what drugs can boost granulocyte production? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| immunodeficiency (DiGeorge, HIV), high cortisol state (induced apoptosis), autoimmune destruction (SLE), whole body irradiation (highly sensitive) |
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Term
| causes of increased neutrophils |
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Definition
| bacterial infection/necrosis = release of marginated pool and bone marrow Nt; high cortisol state = impairs leukocyte adhesion, leading to release of marginated pool of Nt |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic inflammatory states (autoimmune and infectious) and malignancy |
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Term
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Definition
| allergic reactions (type I HSR), parasitic, Hodgkin lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| lymphocytis leukocytosis causes |
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Definition
| viral infection (T cell hyperplasia) bordatella pertussis (produces lymphocytosis-promoting factor which blocks them from leaving the blood into LN) |
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Term
| cases of infectious mononucleosis |
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Definition
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Term
| what areas of body EBV infects |
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Definition
| oropharynx, liver and B cells |
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Term
| consequences of T cell response with EBV |
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Definition
| generalized LAD 2/2 T cell hyperplasia in lymph node; spelnomegaly 2/2 T cell hyperplasia in PALS and high WBC in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| detects IgM that cross react with horse or sheep RBC (heterophile Ab), positive within 1 week of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| inc risk for splenic rupture; rash if exposed to ampicillin; dormancy of virus in B cells leads to inc risk of recurrence and B cell lymphoma, esp if immunodeficient |
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Term
| % blasts in acute leukemia |
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Definition
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Term
| acute presentation of acute leukemia |
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Definition
| inc blasts "crowd- out" normal hematopoiesis resulting in anemia, thrombocytopenia or neutropenia |
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Term
| blast cell characteristics |
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Definition
| large, immature cells often with punched out nucleoli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| associated with Down syndrome after age 5 |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| TdT+, CD10, CD19 and CD20 |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| TdT+, CD2-CD8; DO NOT EXPRESS CD10 |
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Term
| cytogenic abnormalities in B-ALL and prognosis |
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Definition
t(12,21) = good prognosis, in children
t(9,22) = poor prognosis; in adults |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| t(15;17) - retinoid acid receptor on chromosome 17 to chromosome 15 |
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Term
|
Definition
| APL because promyelocytes contain numerous primary granules |
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Term
|
Definition
| ATRA = all trans retinoid acid |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| associated with Down syndrome before age 5 |
|
Definition
| acute megakaryoblastic leukemia |
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|
Term
| presentation of myelodysplastic syndrome |
|
Definition
| cytopenias, hyper cellular bone marrow; abnormal maturation of cells and increased blasts <20% |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| smudge cells on blood smear |
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Definition
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|
Term
| small lymphocytic lymphoma |
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Definition
| CLL involvement of lymph nodes |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypogammagolbulinemia (infection most common cause of death), autoimmune hemolytic anemia, transformation to diffuse large B cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| CLL transform to diffuse large B cell; enlarging lymph node or spleen |
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Term
| marker for hairy cel leukemia |
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Definition
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|
Term
| clinical features of hairy cell leukemia |
|
Definition
| splenomegaly (accumulation of hairy cells in red pulp) and "dry tap" in bone marrow aspiration |
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|
Term
| hairy cell leukemia treatment |
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Definition
| 2-CDA (cladribine)= ADA inhibitor bc adenosine accumulates in neoplastic B cells |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical features of ATLL |
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Definition
| rash, generalized LAD with hepatosplenomegaly and lytic bone lesions with hypercalcemia |
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Term
| mycosis fungoides abscesses |
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Definition
| Pautrier = aggregates of neoplastic cells in epidermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| lwhen mycosis fungicides involves blood; ymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei on blood smear |
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Term
| complications of myeloproliferative disorders |
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Definition
| increased risk for hyperuricemia and gout due to high turnover; progression to marrow fibrosis or transformation to acute leukemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| t(9;22)= philidelphia chromosome = bcr-abl fusion with increased tyrosine kinase activity |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how CML distinguished from leukemia reaction |
|
Definition
CML = neg LAP stain, inc basophils, t(9;22)
leukemoid rxn = LAP+, no inc basophils or t(9;22) |
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Term
| mutation in polycythemia vera |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of polycythemia vera |
|
Definition
| blurry vision and HA, inc risk of venous thrombosis, flushed face due to congestion, itching especially after bathing (histamine release) |
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|
Term
| treatment of polycytemia vera |
|
Definition
| phlebotomy, second line = hydroxyurea |
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|
Term
| how distinguish PV from reactive polycythemia |
|
Definition
PV = EPO decreased and SaO normal
reactive = huh altitude/lung disease so SaO low and EPO inc; if due to ectopic EPO then SaO normal |
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|
Term
| essential thrombocythemia mutation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of essential thrombocythemia |
|
Definition
| inc risk of bleeding and/or thrombosis; no gout |
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Term
| cause of marrow fibrosis in myelofibrosis |
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Definition
| megakaryocytes produce excess platelet-derived growth factor |
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|
Term
| clinical features of myelofibrosis |
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Definition
| splenomegaly due to extreamed hematopoiesis, leukoerythroblstic smear (tear drop RBC, nucleated RBC, immature granulocytes) inc risk of infection, thrombosis and bleeding |
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Term
|
Definition
painful = draining a region of acute infection
painless = chronic inflammation, metastatic carcinoma or lymphoma |
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|
Term
| follicular hyperplasia is associated wth |
|
Definition
| rheumatoid arthritis and early stages of HIV |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyperplasia of sinus histiocytes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| follicular, mantle cell, marginal zone, and small lymphocytic |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| diffuse large B cell lymphoma |
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|
Term
| translocation in follicular lymphoma |
|
Definition
| t(14;18) = bcl2 on chromosome 18 to Ig heavy chain on chromosome 14 -> over expression of bcl2 which inhibits apoptosis |
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|
Term
| treatment for follicular lymphoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to distinguish follicular lymphoma from follicular hyperplasia |
|
Definition
lymphoma = disruption of normal architecture, lack of tangible body macrophages in germinal centers, bcl2 expression, monoclonality
hyperplasia = maintained, tangible body macrophages, no bcl2, polyclonl |
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|
Term
| mantle cell translocation |
|
Definition
| t(11;14) = cyclin C2 on chromosome 11 to Ig heavy chain on chromosome 14 -> promotes G1'S transition in cell cycle |
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|
Term
| associations of marginal zone lymphoma |
|
Definition
| hashimoto's, sjogren, H pylori gastritis |
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Term
|
Definition
| marginal zone lymphoma in mucosal sites that may regress with H pylori tx |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| african vs sporadic burkitt lymphoma |
|
Definition
african = jaw
sporadic = abdomen |
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Term
|
Definition
| t(8;14) = c myc on chromosome 8 to Ig heavy chaing on 14 -> promotes cell growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| high mitotic index and "starry sky" appearance on microscopy |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes of diffuse large b cell |
|
Definition
| sporadically or from low-grade lymphoma (follicular) |
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Term
|
Definition
| hodgkin lymphoma with multi lobed nuclei and prominent nucleoli (owl eyed) |
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Term
|
Definition
| results in B symptoms (fever, chills, and night sweats), attract reactive lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and eosinohpils; may lead to fibrosis |
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|
Term
| subtypes of hodgkin lymphoma |
|
Definition
| nodular sclerosis, lymphocyte-rich, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nodular sclerosis subtype |
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Definition
| enlarging cervical or mediastinal lymph node in young adult female; divided by bands of sclerosis and RS cell in lake-like spaces |
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|
Term
| best prognosis of HL subtype |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| HL subtype with abundant eosinophils |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most aggressive HL subtype |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most common primary malignancy of bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cytokine with multiple myeloma |
|
Definition
| IL6 = stimulates plasma cell growth and immunoglobin production |
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|
Term
| clinical features of multiple myeloma |
|
Definition
| bone pain with hypercalcemia, elevated serum protein, inc risk of infection, rouleaux, primary amyloidosis, proteinuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma cells activate RANK on osteoclasts leading to bone destruction; punched out lesions |
|
|
Term
| cause of elevated serum protein in MM |
|
Definition
| produc IG -> M spike on serum electrophoresis 2/2 IgG or IgG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc serum proein decreases charge between RBCs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M spike but other features of MM are absent; common in elderly; 1% with MGUS develop multiple myeloma each year |
|
|
Term
| waldenstrom macoglobulinemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical features of waldenstrom |
|
Definition
| generalized LAD, no lytic bone lesions, M spike, visual and neuro dficites (IgM causing hyperviscosity), bleeding |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of langerhans cells |
|
Definition
| birbeck granules; CD1a+ and S100+ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malignant; rash infant <2 y/o; rapidly fatal; multiple organs involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign langerhands; adolescent with pathologic fracture; mixed inflammatory cells on biopsy with langerhans |
|
|
Term
| hand-schuller-christian disease |
|
Definition
| malignant langerhans, scalp rash, lytic skull defects, DI and exopthalmos in child |
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