Term
|
Definition
| increase in stress -> inc cell size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inc in stress -> inc cell number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene activation, protein synthesis and production of organelles |
|
|
Term
| cells that undergo hypertrophy only |
|
Definition
| permanent tissues = cardiac mm, skeletal mm and nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dec cell number via apoptosis
dec cell cize via upiquitin-proteasome degradation of cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| ubiquitin-proteosome degradation |
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments are "tagged" with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes; autophagic vacuoles fuse with lysosomes whose hydrolytic enzymes breakdown cell components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in stress leads to change in cell type to better handle the new stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| barrett (squamous -> columnar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reprograming of stem cells |
|
|
Term
| vitamin associated with metaplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratomalacia in the conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
| CT that undergoes metaplasia |
|
Definition
| myosititis ossificans; mm tissue changes to bone during healing after trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disordered cell growth; prolix of precancerous cells |
|
|
Term
| reversible vs irreversible: dysplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reversible vs irreversible: metaplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure of cell production during embryogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease in cell production during embryogenesis |
|
|
Term
| result of slowly developing ischemia vs acute ischemia |
|
Definition
slow = atrophy
actue = injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation, nutritional deficiency or excess, hypoxia, trauma and genetic mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemia, hypoxemia and decreased O2 carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased arterial perfusion, decreased venous drainage, shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high altitude, hypoventilation, diffusion defect, VQ mismatch |
|
|
Term
| ex of decreased O2 carrying capacity |
|
Definition
| anemia, CO poisoning, methemoglobinemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds Hb more rapidly thank oxygen; smoke from fires and exhuase from cars or gas heaters |
|
|
Term
| cherry red appearance of skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| early for CO poisoning vs significant exposure |
|
Definition
early = HA
significant = coma and death |
|
|
Term
| methemoglobinemia mechanism |
|
Definition
| iron is in Fe3 form and only Fe2 binds O2 |
|
|
Term
| cyanosis with chocolate colored blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hallmark of reversible injury |
|
Definition
| cell swelling -> loss of microvilli and membrane blebbing -> sweeping of RER and dissociation of ribosomes and dec protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| result of plasma membrane damage |
|
Definition
| cytosolic enzymes leaking, calcium into cell |
|
|
Term
| mitochondrial membrane damage |
|
Definition
| loss of electron transport chain, cytochrome c leaking into cytosol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes leaking into cytosol, activated by high intracell ca |
|
|
Term
| morphologic hallmark of cell death |
|
Definition
| loss of nucleus, nuclear condensation (pyknosis), fragmentation (karyorrhexis) and dissolution (karyolysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necrotic tissue that remains firm; cell chap and organ structure preserved; ischemic infarction; wedge shaped and pale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzymatic lysis of cells and protein result in liquefaction |
|
|
Term
| tissues with coag necrosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brain, abscess, pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics of ischemia of lower limb and GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wet is superimposed infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cottage cheese like; combo of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necrotic adipose tissue with chalky white appearance 2/2 ca deposits; trauma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dystrohic Ca in which Ca deposits on dead tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high serum ca or phosphate levels lead to Ca deposition in normal tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necrotic damage to blood vessel wall; leaking of proteins into vessel wall |
|
|
Term
| scenarios with fibrinoid necrosis |
|
Definition
| malignant HTN and vasculitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell shrink, eosinophilic, nucleus condenses and fragments, apoptotic bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caspases that activate proteases and endonucleases |
|
|
Term
| intrinsic apoptotic pathway |
|
Definition
| cell injury/DNA damage/loss hormonal stim -> inactivation of bcl2 -> cyto c to leak from mito -> activate caspases |
|
|
Term
| extrinsic apoptosis pathway |
|
Definition
| FASL with FAS activates caspases or TNF binds TNF receptor activating caspases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perforins and granzymes activate caspases |
|
|
Term
| pathologic generation of ROS |
|
Definition
| ionizing radiation, inflammation, metals, drugs and chemical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how ROS cause cell injury |
|
Definition
| per oxidation of lipids and oxidation of DNA and proteins; DNA damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GSH + ROS -> GSSH and H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dry cleaning; converted to CCL by P450 results in cell injury -> dec apolipoprotein lead to fatty change in liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| return of blood to ischemic tissue results in production or ROS which further damage of tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misfolded protein that deposits in extracellular space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| congo red, and apple green birefringence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic deposition of amyloid from Ig light chain with multiple myeloma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acute phase protein inc ing chronic inflame states, Ca and familial mediterranean fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| due to dysfunction of Nt and occurs in persons |
|
|
Term
| clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis |
|
Definition
| nephrotic syndrome; restrictive cardiomyopathy or arrhytmia, tonge enlargement, malabsorption and heptaosplenomegaly |
|
|
Term
| senile cardiac amyloidosis |
|
Definition
| non-mutated serum transthyretic deposition in heart; usually asymptomatic |
|
|
Term
| familial amyloid cardiomyoapathy |
|
Definition
| mutated serum transthyretic deposits in heart leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amylin deposits in islets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dialysis associated amyloidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amyloid in medullary thyroid cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
