Term
| cause of cleft lip and palate |
|
Definition
| failure of facial prominences to fuse |
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Term
|
Definition
| painful superficial ulcer on oral mucosa; arises spontaneously; grayish base surrounded by erythema |
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Term
|
Definition
| recurrent pathos ulcers, genital ulcers and uveitis; 2/2 IC vasculitis involving small vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| vesicles rupture resulting in shallow painful redu ulcers |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| risk factors for SCC on mouth |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| white plaque that cannot be scraped away; often represents quamous dysplasia |
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Term
| how distinguish oral candidiasis and hairy leukoplakia |
|
Definition
candidiasis= white deposit on the tongue and easily scraped
hairy leukoplakia= white rough, patch on lat tongue; EBV |
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Term
|
Definition
| vascularized leukoplakia and highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| orchitis, pancreatitis and aseptic meningitis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of salivary gland; most commonly due to obstructing stone leading to S aureus infection |
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|
Term
| most common benign tumor of salivary gland |
|
Definition
| pleomorphic= stromal and epithelial tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| pleomorphic adenoma; because of extension of small islands of tumor through tumor capsule often leads to incomplete resection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers |
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|
Term
| malignant tumor of salivary gland |
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Definition
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|
Term
| most common type of TE fistula |
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Definition
| proximal esophageal atresia with distal esophagus arising from trachea |
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Term
|
Definition
| vomiting, polyhydramnios, abdominal distention and aspiration |
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|
Term
| symptoms of esophageal web |
|
Definition
| dysphagia for poorly chewed food; inc risk of SCC |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| iron deficiency anemia, esophageal web and beefy red tongue due to atrophic glossitis |
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|
Term
| symptoms of zenker diverticulum |
|
Definition
| dysphagia, obstruction and halitosis (bad breath) |
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Term
|
Definition
| longitudinal laceration of GE junction caused by severe vomiting |
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Term
|
Definition
| rupture or esophagus leading to air in the mediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema |
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|
Term
| vessels in esophageal varices |
|
Definition
| esophageal vein with left gastric; backs up into the esophageal vein |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cause of death in cirrhosis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| infection that causes achalasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical features of achalasia |
|
Definition
| dysphagia for solids and liquids; putrid breath; High LES pressure, 'bird-beak' sign; inc risk SCC |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| alcohol, tobacco, obesity, fat-rich diet, caffeine and hiatal hernia |
|
|
Term
| clinical features of GERD |
|
Definition
| heartburn, asthma and cough, damage to enamel of teeth, ulceration with stricture and Barrett |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified squamous to non ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells |
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|
Term
| location of adenocarcinoma of esophageal carcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| location of SCC of esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for SCC of esophagus |
|
Definition
| alcohol and tobacco, hot tea, achalasia, esophageal web, esophageal injury |
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|
Term
| cause of adenocarcinoma of esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| other symptoms of SCC esophageal cancer |
|
Definition
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|
Term
lymph node drainage of:
- upper 1/3
- middle 1/3
- lower 1/3 |
|
Definition
- cervical nodes
- mediastinal or tracheobronchial nodes
- celiac and gastric nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| malformation of anterior abdominal wall leading to exposure of abdominal contents |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent herniation of bowel into umbilical cord; covered by amnion |
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|
Term
| presentation of pyloric stenosis |
|
Definition
| projectile non bilious vomiting, visible peristalsis, olive like mass in the abdomen |
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|
Term
| risk factors of acute gastritis |
|
Definition
| severe burn, NSAIDs, heavy alcohol consumption, chemotherapy, inc ICP and shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucin layer produced by foveolar cells, bicarbonate secretion by surface epithelium and normal blood supply |
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|
Term
| type A of chronic gastritis |
|
Definition
| autoimmune gastritis; destruction of parietal cells |
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|
Term
| clinical features of chronic gastritis |
|
Definition
| atrophy of mucosa ith intestinal metaplasia; achlorhydria with inc gastrin levels and astral G cell hyperplasia, megaloblastic anemia due to lack of IF, inc risk of gastric adenocarcinoma |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| due to H pylori = urea's and proteases weakens mucosal defneses; antrum most common site |
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|
Term
duodenal ulcer
- cause
- presentation
- endoscopic biopsy
- complication |
|
Definition
- H pylori
- epigastric pian improving with meals
- hypertrophy of Brunners glands
- bleeding from gastroduodenal artery or acute pancreatitis |
|
|
Term
gastric ulcer
- causes
- presentation
- location
- complication |
|
Definition
- H pylori, NSAIDs and bile reflux
- epigastric pain that worsens with meals
- lesser curvature of antrum
- risk of bleeding from left gastric artery |
|
|
Term
| gastric ulcer vs carcinoma |
|
Definition
genign= small, sharply demarcated, and surrounded by radiating folds of mucosa
malignant= large and irregular with heaped up margins |
|
|
Term
| intestinal type gastric carcinoma |
|
Definition
| heaped up ulcer; metaplasia, nitrosamines in smoked foods, blood type A |
|
|
Term
| diffuse type gastric cancer |
|
Definition
| signet ring cells; linitis plastics |
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|
Term
| presents with acanthuses nigricans or lesser-trelat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffuse type to bilateral overies |
|
|
Term
| associated with down syndrome |
|
Definition
| duodenal atresioa, hirschsprung disease |
|
|
Term
| features of duodenal atresia |
|
Definition
| polyhydramnios, distention of stomach and blind loop of duodenum (double bubble), bilious vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2% of population, 2 in long, 2 ft of ileocecal valve, first 2 years of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding, volvulus, intussusception or obstruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| twisting of bowel along mesentery |
|
|
Term
| volvulus young adult vs elderly |
|
Definition
young adult = cecum
elderly= sigmoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| telescoping of proximal segment of bowel forward into distal segment; infarction |
|
|
Term
intussusception
- child causes
- adult causes |
|
Definition
- lymphoid hyperplasia, terminal ileum
- tumor |
|
|
Term
| transmural vs mucosal small bowel infarct |
|
Definition
transmural = thrombosis/embolism of SMA or mesenteric vein
mucosal = marked hypotension |
|
|
Term
| clinical features of small bowel infarction |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain, blood diarrhea and decreased bowel sounds |
|
|
Term
| results in temporary lactose intolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reaction to gliadin in celiacs |
|
Definition
| gliadin is deamidated by tissue transglutaminase -> presented by MHC II -> helper T cells mediate tissue damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dermatitis herpetiformis due to IgA deposition at the lips of dermal papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IgA ab against endomysium, tTG or gliadin |
|
|
Term
| duodenal biopsy of celiac |
|
Definition
| flattening of villi, hyperplasia of crypts and inc intraepithelial lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| late complications of celiac |
|
Definition
| small bowel carcinoma and T cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| how tropical sprue differs from celiac |
|
Definition
| tropical regions (caribbean), infectious diarrhea and responds to abx; jejunum and ileum |
|
|
Term
| organism in whipple disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involvement of small bowel lamina propria; macrophages compress lacteals, chylomicrons cannot be transferred from enterocytes to lymphatics -> fat malabsorption and steatorrhea |
|
|
Term
| complications of whipple disease |
|
Definition
| synobium of joints (arthritis), cardiac valves, lymph nodes and CNS |
|
|
Term
| clinical features of abetalipoproeinemia |
|
Definition
malabsorption = defective chylmicron formaiton
absent plasma VLDL and LDL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inc ___ in urine with carcinoid tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cardinoid syndrome features |
|
Definition
| bronchospasm, diarrhea and flushing skin, R sided hear murmur (tricuspid regurg and pulmonary stenosis) |
|
|
Term
| appendicitis in child vs adult |
|
Definition
lymphoid hyperplasia = child
fecalith = adult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periumbilical pain, fever and nausea; pain localized to right lower quadrant; rupture -> repound tenderness |
|
|
Term
| cause of hirschprung disease |
|
Definition
| failure of ganglion cells to descent into myenteric (auerbach) and submucosal plexus (meissner) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| failure to pass meconium, empty rectal vault on digital rectal exam, massive dilation of bowel proximal to obstruction with risk for rupture |
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: mucosal and submucosal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: rectum up to cecum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: crypt abscesses with Nt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: loss of haustra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: primary sclerosin cholangitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: smoking is protective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: full thickness inflammation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: skip lesions, anywhere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: copple stone mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: ca oxala nephrolithiasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: ankylosing spondylitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| UC vs crohns: erythema nodosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for diverticula |
|
Definition
| constipation, straining, and low fiber diet; where vasa recta traverse the msucularis propria |
|
|
Term
| complications of diverticulosis |
|
Definition
| rectal bleeding; diverticulitis, fistula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cecum and right colon due to high wall tension; rupture leads to hematochezia |
|
|
Term
| hereditory hemorrhagic telangiectasia |
|
Definition
| AD, thin walled bv in mouth and GI tract |
|
|
Term
| location of ischemic colitis |
|
Definition
| splenic flexure = watershed area of superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| postprandial pain and weight loss, pain and bloody diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relapsin abdominal pain ith blaoting, flatulence and change in bowel hap its, disturbed intestinal motility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperplasia of glands; most common, benign, left colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neplastic proliferation of glands, premalignant |
|
|
Term
| adenoma-carcinoma sequence |
|
Definition
| APD mutaiton (inc risk) -> K-ras -> formation of polyp -> p53 -> inc COX allows CA formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sporadic, hamartomatous poly that arises in children; multiple in the stomach and colon = juvenile polyposis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hamartomatous polyp and mucocutaneous hyper pigmentation on lips, oral mucosa and genital skin |
|
|
Term
| cancer with peutz jeghers |
|
Definition
| colorectal, breast and gynecologic |
|
|
Term
| microsatellite instability pathway |
|
Definition
| microsatellites = repeating sequences of noncoding DNA -> instability indicates defective DNA copy mechanisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inherited mutations in DNA mismatch repair enzymes = colorectal, ovarian and endometrial carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| napkin ring lesions with decreased stool caliber, blood streaked stool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raised lesion, with iron deficiency anemia and vague pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
T = depth of invasion
N= to lymph nodes
M metasteses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tumor marker for colon cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
