Term
| Name 2 developmental anomalies of the face. |
|
Definition
| Palatoschisis & Cheiloschisis |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for palatoschisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for cheiloschisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of fusion of the L palatine processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failure of fusion of the upper lip along the midline or philtrum |
|
|
Term
| What are sequelae to palatoschisis? |
|
Definition
| Failure to suckle; Starvation; Aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 developmental anomalies of the jaws. |
|
Definition
| Brachygnathia superior; Brachygnathia inferior (micrognathia); Prognathia; Agnathia |
|
|
Term
| What is brachygnathia superior? |
|
Definition
| Shortness of the maxillae (Fish mouth) |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is brachygnathia superior seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is brachygnathia inferior? |
|
Definition
| Shortness of the mandibles (Parrot mouth) |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is brachygnathia inferior common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormal prolongation of the mandibles |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is prognathia common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Absence of the mandibles (lower jaw) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the species distribution of agnathia. |
|
Definition
| Most common anomaly in lambs, but rare in cattle |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common developmental anomaly of the jaw in lambs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 categories of developmental anomalies of the tongue. |
|
Definition
| Epithelial Defects; Lethal glossopharyngeal defect (Bird tongue of dogs) |
|
|
Term
| What are some epithelial defects of the tongue? |
|
Definition
| Fissures; Epitheliogenesis imperfecta; Hair growing from the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is epitheliogenesis imperfecta? |
|
Definition
| Widespread defects in cutaneous epithelium, also affects the epithelial lining of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is lethal glossopharyngeal defect? |
|
Definition
| Bird tongue of dogs; Pointed tongue that can't wrap around a nipple & create the negative pressure req'd for nursing |
|
|
Term
| What is a sequel to lethal glossopharyngeal defect? |
|
Definition
| Starvation if not corrected |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 developmental anomalies of teeth. |
|
Definition
| Agenesis; Enamel hypoplasia; Dentigerous cysts |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of agenesis of teeth? |
|
Definition
| No clinical significance w/ simple teeth |
|
|
Term
| Where does enamel hypoplasia occur? |
|
Definition
| In permanent teeth of dogs infected w/ CD virus |
|
|
Term
| What are dentigerous cysts due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are dentigerous cysts? |
|
Definition
| Epithelium-lined, cystic structures in the bone/soft tissues of the jaw |
|
|
Term
| What are sequelae to dentigerous cysts? |
|
Definition
| In horses, can result in painful fistulous tracts in the temporal region, rostral & ventral to the ear (ear tooth); can be the site of neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 developmental anomalies of the esophagus. |
|
Definition
| Fistulas, Diverticula, Segmental aplasia, Cricopharyngeal achalasia, Megaesophagus |
|
|
Term
| How common are fistulas, diverticula, and segmental aplasia in domestic animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cricopharyngeal achalasia? |
|
Definition
| Disorder of the upper esophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What is cricopharyngeal achalasia characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Dysphagia & regurgitation of ingesta |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of cricopharyngeal achalasia? |
|
Definition
| Acquired (idiopathic) or Congenital |
|
|
Term
| In what breeds is congenital cricopharyngeal achalasia mostly seen? |
|
Definition
| Terriers, cocker spaniels, miniature poodles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dilation of esophagus due to insufficient or uncoordinated peristalsis in the mid & cervical esophagus |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is megaesophagus seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Motility problems related to innervation or denervation disorders; Partial physical obstructions & stenosis; Secondary to esophageal myositis & PRAA |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is congenital megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Parital blockage of lumen by a PR 4th AA |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for acquired megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is acquired megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Obstruction - thus dilation occurs Cr to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| In congenital megaesophagus, what forms around the esophagus & trachea? |
|
Definition
| A vascular ring (by the aorta, pulmonary a. & ductus arteriosus) |
|
|
Term
| What is a unique feature of congenital megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Obstruction - thus dilation occurs Cr to the heart due to location of obstructing ring |
|
|
Term
| What are other forms of congenital megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals have idiopathic denervation of the esophagus leading to congenital megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Great Dane, Irish Setter, Mini schnauzer, Labrador retriever, Sharpei, Siamese cats |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of acquired megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| idiopathic or secondary to polymyositis |
|
|
Term
| What is seen clinically with acquired megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Regurgitation after ingestion of solid food; Animals are weak, may have aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions associated w/ acquired megaesophagus? |
|
Definition
| Flaccid esophagus, prominently dilated (2-3x normal diameter), Dilated portion often contains residue of ingesta |
|
|
Term
| Name 4 developmental anomalies of the intestines. |
|
Definition
| Atresia; Megacolon; Aganglionosis; Meckel's Diverticulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occlusion of lumen due to defective devo of the intestinal wall; Failure of the embryonic cells that occlude the lumen to break down |
|
|
Term
| What is atresia named for? Give some examples. |
|
Definition
| The occluded part of the bowel: atresia ani, atresia coli, atresia ilei |
|
|
Term
| What is stenosis/stricture? |
|
Definition
| Partial occlusion of the intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does atresia occur frequently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does megacolon refer to? |
|
Definition
| a large, usually fecal-filled colon |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does megacolon occur? |
|
Definition
| Pigs, Dogs, Overo foals, Humans |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of megacolon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of congenital megacolon? |
|
Definition
| Lack of myenteric plexuses (Hirschsprung's dz) in the colon & rectum |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of acquired megacolon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions associated with megacolon? |
|
Definition
| Contracted, nonperistaltic segment of colon or rectum; Contiguous colon (contracted distal segment) |
|
|
Term
| What is intestinal aganglionosis? |
|
Definition
| Absence of myenteric or submucosal plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is Meckel's diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| a remnant of the omphalo-mesenteric duct |
|
|
Term
| Where is Meckel's diverticulum located? |
|
Definition
| Near the termination of the ileum |
|
|
Term
| What does Meckel's diverticulum represent? |
|
Definition
| the stalk of the yolk sac |
|
|
Term
| When does Meckel's diverticulum normally disappear? |
|
Definition
| After the 1st trimester of gestation |
|
|
Term
| In what animals can Meckel's diverticulum persist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although _____, Meckel's diverticulum should not be confused with _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 3 adaptive changes of the oral cavity. |
|
Definition
| Gingival hyperplasia, Epithelial hyperplasia of tongue, Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the distal esophagus in horses |
|
|
Term
| What is gingival hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| Simple overgrowth of gum tissues |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is gingival hyperplasia common? |
|
Definition
| Brachycephalic dog breeds |
|
|
Term
| What should gingival hyperplasia be differentiated from? |
|
Definition
| Epulis, which designates a growth of the gingiva |
|
|
Term
| Where does epithelial hyperplasia of the tongue occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is epithelial hyperplasia of the tongue common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical significance of idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the distal esophagus in horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the distal esophagus in horses? |
|
Definition
| Esophageal musculature is several cm thick |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 adaptive changes of the stomach & abomasum. |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophic gastritis; Chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy |
|
|
Term
| What is hypertrophic gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Thickened rugae due to hyperplasia of the gastric glands |
|
|
Term
| What can lead to hypertrophic gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Immune-mediated lymphoplasmacytic gastritis of dogs; Infection w/ Habronema spp & Trichostrongylus axei in horses |
|
|
Term
| What is chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy? |
|
Definition
| Mucosal hypertrophy & hyperplasia; mucosa doesn't flatten w/ distension |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy occur? |
|
Definition
| Basenji, Beagle, Boxer dogs |
|
|
Term
| What are clinical signs of chronic giant hypertrophic gastropathy? |
|
Definition
| Wt loss, diarrhea, vomiting, hypoproteinemia |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 adaptive changes of the intestine. |
|
Definition
| Muscular hypertrophy of the distal ileum; Hypereosinophilic syndrome in cats |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Muscular hypertrophy of the distal ileum? |
|
Definition
| Idiopathic in ileum, jejunum, duodenum of horses & pigs |
|
|
Term
| What are sequelae to Muscular hypertrophy of the distal ileum? |
|
Definition
| Impaction & rupture of the ileum |
|
|
Term
| What is Hypereosinophilic syndrome in cats? |
|
Definition
| severe hypertrophy of inner circular layer of the tunica muscularis in the ileum & gastric antrum |
|
|
Term
| What lesion is associated with Hypereosinophilic syndrome in cats? |
|
Definition
| intramural eosinophilic infiltrates |
|
|
Term
| What is the experimental source of Hypereosinophilic syndrome in cats? |
|
Definition
| Cats w/ large oral doses of Toxocara cati larvae; infected cats have diarrhea, eosinophilic enteritis, fibrosed lamina propria & hypertrophy of the inner layer of tunica muscularis |
|
|
Term
| Name 7 circulatory disturbances in the alimentary system. |
|
Definition
| Anemia; Hyperemia; Congestion; Infarction; Hemorrhage; Edema; Thromboembolism |
|
|
Term
| What is hyperemia in the alimentary system? |
|
Definition
| Brightly reddened intestinal mucosa due to enteritis, peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| What is congestion in the alimentary system? |
|
Definition
| Dark red to reddish-black color of the mucosa +/- infarction |
|
|
Term
| In the alimentary system, what is congestion associated with? |
|
Definition
| Torsion, volvulus, uremic gastritis |
|
|
Term
| What causes hemorrhage in the wall of the intestinal tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are hemorrhages of the alimentary serosa? |
|
Definition
| Petechiae, ecchymoses (trauma) |
|
|
Term
| What causes hemorrhage of the alimentary mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Bleeding tendency, viruses, parasites, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are some types/causes of hemorrhage in the alimentary lumen? |
|
Definition
| Enterorrhagia, melena, hemorrhagic enteritis (clostridial, parvovirus), erosions/ulcers |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of alimentary thromboembolism. |
|
Definition
| In horses, 4th stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris present in the wall of the Cr mesenteric a. |
|
|
Term
| What do L4 Strongylus vulgaris cause? |
|
Definition
| Arteritis, aneurysms, mural thrombosis --> bowel infarction |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 pathological pigmentations of the alimentary system. |
|
Definition
| Icterus (Jaundice); Cyanosis; Abnormal coloration of teeth; Hemomelasma ilei in horses; Intestinal lipofuscinosis/Leiomyometaplasia ("Brown Dog Gut") |
|
|
Term
| What is icterus/jaundice in the alimentary system? |
|
Definition
| Oral mucosa yellow in color due to excess bile pigments |
|
|
Term
| What is cyanosis in the alimentary system? |
|
Definition
| Mucosa is dark reddish-blue due to asphyxia, uremia, certain poisons & infections |
|
|
Term
| What causes abnormal coloration of teeth? |
|
Definition
| Incorporation of porphyrins into the dentin in animals w/ congenital porphyria (pink tooth); Fluoride toxicosis in cattle & sheep |
|
|
Term
| Describe fluoride toxicosis in cattle & sheep. |
|
Definition
| Yellow, dark brown, or black discoloration; excessive fluoride incorporation into the enamel & dentin during odontogenesis (6-36 months of age) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of hemomelasma ilei in horses? |
|
Definition
| Larval migration of Strongyles (S. edentatus) which damage tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is hemomelasma ilei in horses? |
|
Definition
| pink to black plaques (mm to cm in length) located on the serosa of the ileum; hemorrhagic & siderotic fibrovascular plaques |
|
|
Term
| What are sequelae of hemomelasma ilei in horses? |
|
Definition
| Intestinal strictures, intermittent colic |
|
|
Term
| What is intestinal lipofuscinosis? |
|
Definition
| a dietary condition due to Vit E. deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What does intestinal lipofuscinosis look like? |
|
Definition
| Tan or deep brown discoloration of SI (in severe cases, stomach, cecum & colon also pigmented) |
|
|
Term
| What causes the brown color in intestinal lipoguscinosis? |
|
Definition
| Results from perinuclear lysosomal accumulation of lipofuscin granules in the cytoplasm of smooth myocytes of intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the gum (gingiva) |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| Erosions, ulcerations, necrosis, anorexia due to painful mastication, hypersalivation (ptyalism) |
|
|
Term
| In cats, what is the 1st & most consistent sign of FIV infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What, aside from gingivitis, is seen in FIV infection? |
|
Definition
| Decreased CD4 lymphocytes, thymic & LN atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions associated w/ gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| Macules, Papules, Vesicles, Erosions & Ulcers |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of gingivitis? |
|
Definition
| Infectious agents (viruses), chemical injury, trauma, autoimmune dz, intoxicants, systemic diseases |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the lips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the oral mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the epiglottis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the crop (ingluvies)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the proventriculus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the gizzard (ventriculus)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the reticulum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the omasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the abomasum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the duodenum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the jejunum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the cecum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the appendix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the testis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flat, circumscribed lesion of altered skin color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Circumscribed, solid elevation of skin (<1cm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small blister w/i the epidermis or at or below the dermal-epidermal interface (<1cm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of all or part of the thickness of the epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of epidermis & at least the superficial portion of dermis |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the ampulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the penis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the preputial epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for inflammation of the penis & prepuce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is vesicular stomatitis characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Vesicles of the oral mucosa (early stages) |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of FMD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is FMD seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is vesicular stomatitis seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of vesicular exanthema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is vesicular exanthema seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of swine vesicular dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the gross lesions of vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Vesicles on the lips, buccal mucosa, tongue, nasal mucosa, esophagus & rumen |
|
|
Term
| What is seen clinically w/ vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Salivation, lameness, fever, anorexia |
|
|
Term
| What causes erosive and ulcerative stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Viruses: BVD, Rinderpest, MCF, Feline calicivirus, Equine viral rhinotracheitis, Bluetongue |
|
|
Term
| What virus causes papular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the hard palate of a cow w/ BVDV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the microscopic lesions of vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| intracellular edema --> ballooning degeneration & cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of papular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Bovine papular stomatitis; Contagious ecthyma |
|
|
Term
| What is seen grossly w/ bovine papular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Papules on the nares, muzzle, gums, buccal cavity, palate, tongue, esophagus, rumen & omasum |
|
|
Term
| What is seen microscopically w/ bovine papular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Ballooning degeneration & eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are other names for contagious ecthyma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is contagious ecthyma seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen grossly w/ contagious ecthyma? |
|
Definition
| Macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, scabs, scars & nodules in areas of skin abrasions including the corners of the mouth, mouth, udder, teats, coronary bands, & anus |
|
|
Term
| What is seen microscopically w/ contagious ecthyma? |
|
Definition
| Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 types of necrotizing stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Necrobacillosis (calf diphtheria) & Noma (cancrum oris) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calf diphtheria; stomatitis infection w/ Fusobacterium necrophorum |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions associated w/ necrobacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Swollen cheeks, anorexia, fever, halitosis, yellow-grey round foci w/ core of necrotic debris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancrum oris; Acute gangrenous stomatitis in primates, humans & dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spirochetes & Fusiform bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Severe necrotic lesions progressing to gangrenous perforation of the cheeks, lysis of bone, & death |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for oral eosinophilic granuloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals is oral eosinophilic granuloma seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is oral eosinophilic granuloma? |
|
Definition
| immune-mediated (antiepithelial autoAb's) ulcer w/ granulomatous plaques in upper lips, gingiva, palate, pharynx, tongue |
|
|
Term
| Describe the granuloma of oral eosinophilic granuloma. |
|
Definition
| Collagenolysis in the center; surrounded by eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, epithelioid cells, & a few multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis? |
|
Definition
| Idiopathic, chronic condition w/ red inflamed gums, fetid breath, inappetence, hyperplasia & ulceration of oral mucosa, & plasma cell infiltration in the submucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for wooden tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is wooden tongue caused by? |
|
Definition
| Actinobacillus lignieresii |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by wooden tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Actinonbacillus ligneresii (causative agent of wooden tongue)? |
|
Definition
| Normal inhabitant of oral cavity; opportunistic invader of damaged lingual tissue |
|
|
Term
| What is seen w/ Actinobacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Granulomas - centrally located actinobacilli rimmed by radiating amorphic eosinophilic club-like structures formed of Igs from plasma cells in the lesion (called Splendore-Hoeppli rxn); mixed mononuclear inflammatory cells incl. Langhans' giant cells surround foci; increased firmness of tongue |
|
|
Term
| What causes increased firmness of the tongue in Actinobacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Swelling, inflammation, Fibrosis --> wooden tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Candida albicans (yeast) infection of intact MM of tongue & esophagus |
|
|
Term
| In what animals does thrush occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No; indicates an underlying debility in young animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolonged antibiotic treatment & immunodeficiency states; also systemic candidiasis |
|
|
Term
| How does thrush infection present? |
|
Definition
| as a gray-green pseudomembrane of hyphae that is easily scraped off the intact underlying mucosal surface |
|
|
Term
| In thrush, Candida albicans grow in the _____ of the tongue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the Splendore-Hoeppli rxn? |
|
Definition
| bacterial colony w/ surrounding radiating "clubs" |
|
|
Term
| What are erosive & ulcerative esophagitis associated w/? |
|
Definition
| Viral dz like RP, PPR, MCF in ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What is necrotizing esophagitis associated w/? |
|
Definition
| Bovine papular stomatitis, IBR (cattle); Herpesvirus (sheep & goats); Calicivirus (Cats) |
|
|
Term
| What can cause acute to severe mucosal injury in necrotizing esophagitis? |
|
Definition
| Caustic chemicals & hot ingesta |
|
|
Term
| What causes liquefactive necrosis (necrotizing esophagitis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes coagulative necrosis (necrotizing esophagitis)? |
|
Definition
| Acid & Toxins (Paraquat, Oak toxicosis) |
|
|
Term
| What are some other terms for rumenitis? |
|
Definition
| Lactic acidosis, Grain overload, Rumen overload |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden dietary change to an easily fermentable feed |
|
|
Term
| What are ruminal microflora generally rich in? |
|
Definition
| Cellulolytic Gr(-) bacteria for the digestion of hay |
|
|
Term
| What does a sudden change to highly fermentable, CHO-rich feed do? |
|
Definition
| Leads to growth of Gr(+) bacteria (Strep. bovis, Lactobacilli); Decrease ruminal pH to <5; Acid pH eliminates normal ruminal flora & damages ruminal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal pH of the rumen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mortality rate of rumenitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes mortality in rumenitis? |
|
Definition
| Acidosis from absorption of lactate from the rumen & circulatory collapse |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mucosa of the ruminal papillae in rumenitis. |
|
Definition
| Brown & friable; detaches easily |
|
|
Term
| What happens to survivors of rumenitis? |
|
Definition
| Develop pale stellate scars; unaffected mucosa is dark brown to black |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for traumatic reticulitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is traumatic reticulitis due to? Where is it common? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of nails & wire; common where straw & hay balls are bound by wire |
|
|
Term
| What happens in traumatic reticulitis? |
|
Definition
| Perforation of reticulum wall --> reticulitis & peritonitis (pericarditis if heart involved) |
|
|
Term
| What is done for animals in the US with a high risk for hardware dz? |
|
Definition
| Magnets are placed in the rumen to prevent ingested nails/wire from penetrating the reticular mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What animals experience acute phlegmonous gastritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes acute phlegmonous gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Infection by Strep, Staph, E. coli, Proteus vulgaris |
|
|
Term
| What happens in acute phlegmonous gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Sudden onset of mid-epigastric pain & vomiting; specific purulent emesis; death from circulatory collapse |
|
|
Term
| What is specific purulent enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Emesis of a necrotic cast of the gastric wall; Pathognomonic for acute phlegmonous gastritis |
|
|
Term
| What causes emphysematous gastritis? |
|
Definition
| gas-forming organisms like Clostridium septicum |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mucosa in emphysematous gastritis. |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhage, congestion, & coagulative necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the gastric wall in emphysematous gastritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most notable lesion in emphysematous gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Extensive gelatinous edema & emphysema in the submucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of granulomatous gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Histoplasma capsulatum, M. tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the gastric wall in granulomatous gastritis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is seen clinically in granulomatous gastritis? |
|
Definition
| Weakness, hematemesis, Gastric outlet (pyloric) obstruction |
|
|
Term
| How is the causative agent of granulomatous gastritis demonstrated? |
|
Definition
| Acid fast or PAS staining |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is eosinophilic gastritis seen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of eosinophilic gastritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the focal form of eosinophilic gastritis. |
|
Definition
| caused by infiltrating eosinophils in response to trapped nematode larvae (Toxocara canis) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the diffuse form of eosinophilic gastritis. |
|
Definition
| Allergic in nature, affecting a large portion of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 broad cell types of the intestine? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cells & Mesenchymal cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the epithelial cells of the intestine? |
|
Definition
| Enterocytes, Undifferentiated crypt epithelial cells, Goblet cells, Paneth's cells, Enterochromaffin cells (Argentaffin cells), M cells |
|
|
Term
| Where do mesenchymal cells of the intestine reside? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mesenchymal cells of the intestine? |
|
Definition
| Theliolymphocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Globule leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| What % of the body's lymphoid mass is intestinal lymphoid tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is included in the intestinal lymphoid tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many tons of Ag does the average person ingest in a lifetime? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the gut respond to food Ags? |
|
Definition
| The gut is adept at not responding to food Ags |
|
|
Term
| What are globule leukocytes? |
|
Definition
| Large granular lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where are globule leukocytes located? |
|
Definition
| Interepithelial or w/i the lamina propria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secretion of abnormally fluid feces accompanied by an increased volume of feces and an increased frequency of defecation |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| Malabsorption, Hypersecretion, Exudation |
|
|
Term
| Malabsorption is generally a problem of the __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Malabsorption can occur w/ or w/o: |
|
Definition
| bacterial fermentation leading to osmotic diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is hypersecretion independent of? |
|
Definition
| Permeability changes, absorptive capacity |
|
|
Term
| Hypersecretion by _________ results in a _________. |
|
Definition
| intact mucosa; net efflux of fluid & electrolytes |
|
|
Term
| What is exudation? Give an example. |
|
Definition
| Increased capillary/epithelial permeability; Protein-losing enteropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased rate, intensity, or frequency of peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| What happens to mucosal contact time w/ hypermotility? |
|
Definition
| Decreases; Less efficient digestion & absorption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What does hypomotility allow for? |
|
Definition
| Increased bacterial proliferation |
|
|
Term
| Some enterotoxins can _____ intestinal motility. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of diarrhea wrt fluids? |
|
Definition
| Excess fluid loss --> dehydration --> hypovolemia --> hemoconcentration --> inadequate tissue perfusion |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of diarrhea wrt energy generation? |
|
Definition
| Energy generation in the tissues by anaerobic glycolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of diarrhea wrt Glc? |
|
Definition
| Hypoglycemia --> ketoacidosis (decrease in blood & tissue pH) |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of diarrhea wrt electrolytes? |
|
Definition
| Electrolyte imbalance --> increased IC [H+] & decreased [K+] |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of diarrhea wrt neuromuscular control? |
|
Definition
| Decreased neuromuscular control of myocardial contraction |
|
|
Term
| What are the consequences of diarrhea w/ a further decrease in tissue perfusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors that can cause increased entry of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Reduced gastric acidity; Gastrectomy; Colonicjejunal fistula |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 factors that can cause reduced clearance of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Motility disturbances, Obstruction of intestine, Immunodeficiency, Cachexia |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors that can cause increased multiplication of bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Increased entry of bacteria; Abnormality of intestinal loops; Reduced clearance of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 consequences of bacterial overgrowth? |
|
Definition
| Bile salt deconjugation; Toxins; Consumption of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| What is a consequence of toxins from bacterial overgrowth? |
|
Definition
| Intestinal epithelial cell injury |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 factors that can cause malabsorption? |
|
Definition
| Bile salt deficiency; Intestinal epithelial cell injury; Consumption of nutrients by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of catarrhal enteritis? |
|
Definition
| E. coli diseases (colibacillosis); Winter dysentery in cattle |
|
|
Term
| What causes E. coli dz (Colibacillosis)? |
|
Definition
| Contaminated milieu, no colostrum, cold stress, crowding |
|
|
Term
| What concurrent infections occur w/ E. coli in catarrhal enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidia |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 specific entities of E. coli dz (Colibacillosis)? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxic colibacillosis; Septicemic colibacillosis |
|
|
Term
| In what animals is enterotoxic colibacillosis common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the feces in enterotoxic colibacillosis. |
|
Definition
| Profuse, yellow to white, watery to pasty |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected with septicemic colibacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Newborn calves, lambs & foals (when not received sufficient colostrum) |
|
|
Term
| Localization of septicemic colibacillosis infection in the intestine --> _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some CS of septicemic colibacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Fibrinous arthritis, Ophthalmitis, Serositis, Meningitis |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the kidneys in septicemic colibacillosis? |
|
Definition
| White-spotted kidneys (cortical abscesses) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for edema dz? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxemic colibacillosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific inf. of best pigs of lot (6-14 wo) |
|
|
Term
| What is the M&M for edema dz? |
|
Definition
| Morbidity: 35%; Mortality: 100% |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of edema dz? |
|
Definition
| Hemolytic E. coli in SI --> angiotoxin (edema dz principle) --> injury to endothelium of arterioles & aa --> fluid loss & edema |
|
|
Term
| What type of edema is seen in edema dz? |
|
Definition
| Edema of gastric submucosa, eyelids, GB, & mesentery of spiral colon --> death from endotoxic shock |
|
|
Term
| In what animals are attaching & effacing E. coli reported? |
|
Definition
| Rabbits, Humans, Calves, Pigs, Lambs, Dogs |
|
|
Term
| What is attaching & effacing E. coli commonly associated with? |
|
Definition
| Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium parvum, BVD, & Coccidia in calves |
|
|
Term
| How does E. coli attach in attaching & effacing E. coli? |
|
Definition
| To microvillus border of enterocytes via cps & pedestals --> disrupted brush border of enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the intestine in attaching & effacing E. coli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is winter dysentery? |
|
Definition
| An acute, nonfatal but highly contagious dz of adult cattle (seasonal/northern latitude) |
|
|
Term
| What is the proposed etiology of winter dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morbidity rate of winter dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of winter dysentery? |
|
Definition
| Profuse diarrhea, Marked decrease in milk production, Foul smelling dark brown, dark green, or black feces (melena) |
|
|
Term
| What is winter dysentery characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Catarrhal ileitis & jejunitis |
|
|
Term
| What does winter dysentery cause damage to? |
|
Definition
| Crypt epithelium; Necrosis of cells of lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| What causes hemorrhagic enteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes clostridial enteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Clostridium perfringens? |
|
Definition
| Gr(+) anaerobic rod; normal inhabitant of GIT |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of C. perfringens, and what do they produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the exotoxins produced by each type of C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
| A: alpha toxin; B: alpha, beta, epsilon toxin; C: alpha & beta toxin; D: epsilon toxin; E: alpha & iota toxins |
|
|
Term
| At least _____ exotoxins have been described (C. perfringens). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the poisoning in clostridial enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxin produced by sporulating C. perfringens |
|
|
Term
| What is enterotoxemia due to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
| Young, fat animals following a change in feed |
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
| Diarrhea w/ brown, black or bloody feces; Glycosuria in lambs (sheep); Dehydration; Prostration; Death |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the SI in enterotoxemia, & what is it due to? |
|
Definition
| Petechiae, Ecchymoses, Paintbrush hemorrhage, Diffuse hemorrhage of the serosa & mucosa; due to degeneration, necrosis & sloughing of villus & cryptic enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are some effects of enterotoxemia on the organs? |
|
Definition
| Congestive splenomegaly; Pulpy kidney & spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dz affecting adult sheep, goats & feedlot cattle in winter & early spring caused by C. perfringens type C, also characterized by hemorrhagic enteritis |
|
|
Term
| What animals experience peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| Canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis |
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CS of peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| Anal blood discharge before death |
|
|
Term
| What are lesions of peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhagic necrosis of mucosa from stomach to rectum |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiological agent of Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What spp are infected w/ Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is initial entrance of C. piliformis in Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is secondary dissemination of C. piliformis in Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
| Liver (via portal circulation) |
|
|
Term
| In Tyzzer's dz, ________ is common in rodents & rabbits. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory conditions are seen in Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhagic ileotyphlitis & colitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the principal target in Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the liver lesions in Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the morphology of C. piliformis? |
|
Definition
| Criss-crossed (Chinese characters) bacilli |
|
|
Term
| What stain is used to visualize C. piliformis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Swine dysentery caused by? |
|
Definition
| Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which produces a cytotoxic hemolysin |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the M&M of swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
| Morbidity: ~90%; Mortality: ~30% |
|
|
Term
| What are CS of swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
| Severe diarrheic feces containing blood, mucus & fibrin; Mucohemorrhagic colitis (spiral colon, colon, cecum, rectum); Fibronecrotic pseudomembrane formation |
|
|
Term
| In swine dysentery, lesions are confined to ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some other names for Parvovirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Panleukopenia; Cat distemper |
|
|
Term
| What is Parvovirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Severe fatal dz of dogs & cats |
|
|
Term
| What is the viral target in Parvovirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Rapidly dividing crpyt cells (Radiomimetic tropism) |
|
|
Term
| How does parvovirus enteritis affect puppies <2wo? |
|
Definition
| Generalized dz w/ focal necrosis in tissues w/ rapidly dividing cells |
|
|
Term
| How does parvovirus enteritis affect puppies 3-8wo? |
|
Definition
| Myocarditis & sudden death due to myocardial scarring & conduction failure |
|
|
Term
| How does parvovirus enteritis affect puppies >/= 8wo? |
|
Definition
| Dz similar to panleukopenia in cats |
|
|
Term
| What are CS of parvovirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Dehydration, Depression, Vomiting, Characteristic panleukopenia (BM; a rapidly dividing tissue), Lymphoid depletion, Thymic involution |
|
|
Term
| What are some microscopic changes in parvovirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Villous atrophy secondary to crypt cell destruction, Basophilic i/n inclusion bodies in enterocytes & lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Acute fatal granulomatous enterocolitis of dog & fox |
|
|
Term
| What is salmon poisoning caused by? |
|
Definition
| Consuming salmon carrying the fluke Nanophyetus salmincola which bears a .3 micrometer-sized coccoid rickettsia, Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
|
|
Term
| When does acute illness occur in salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
| 6-8d after eating parasitized fish |
|
|
Term
| What are CS of salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Severe diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia |
|
|
Term
| When does death occur in salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the intestinal wall in salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhages in the wall of intestine extend from the pylorus to the anus |
|
|
Term
| How is Dx of salmon poisoning confirmed? |
|
Definition
| Visualizing macrophages in tissue containing rickettsial elementary bodies (demonstrable by Giemsa stain) |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in lnn in salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Reactive hyperplastic mesenteric ln w/ pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis |
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory cells are present in the lnn in dogs affected w/ salmon poisoning? |
|
Definition
| Mixed inflammatory cells: lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages; Most mac's contain numerous typical intracytoplasmic rickettsial bodies suggestive of salmon poisoning dz |
|
|
Term
| What are some types of necrotizing enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Salmonellosis, Rotavirus enteritis, Coronavirus enteritis, TGE, BVD, RP, CD, RE |
|
|
Term
| Salmonella is a significant cause of ______ in animals & humans. |
|
Definition
| Acute & chronic diarrhea & death |
|
|
Term
| What are some major spp of Salmonella? |
|
Definition
| S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, S. dublin, S. cholerasuis, S. typhosa |
|
|
Term
| What are some dz forms of Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
| Septicemic, Acute, or Chronic enteric |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gr(-), motile bacilli, aerobes or facultative anaerobes |
|
|
Term
| How does Salmonella produce dz? |
|
Definition
| Via enterotoxins, cytotoxins (verotoxins) & endotoxins |
|
|
Term
| How does Salmonellosis affect young animals? |
|
Definition
| Young animals succumb to septicemia |
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how does Salmonellosis affect horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how does Salmonellosis affect cows? |
|
Definition
| lingering febrile diarrhea w/ the passage of pseudomembranes |
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how does Salmonellosis affect calves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how does Salmonellosis affect dogs? |
|
Definition
| sudden bouts of acute diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how does Salmonellosis affect cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinically, how does Salmonellosis affect pigs? |
|
Definition
| die of septicemia or enterocolitis |
|
|
Term
| What is a sequel to Salmonellosis in pigs? |
|
Definition
| Rectal stricture syndrome, a segmental scarring secondary to ulcerative proctitis |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes peracute salmonella septicemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes acute enteric Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by peracute salmonella septicemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the feces of foals affected by peracute salmonella septicemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animals does acute enteric salmonellosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the feces in acute enteric salmonellosis. |
|
Definition
| Feces have a septic tank odor |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by chronic enteric salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristic lesions of chronic enteric salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
| Button ulcers in the cecum & colon; Ulcerative proctitis & scar formation --> rectal stricture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Multiple foci of mucosal necrosis seen in chronic enteric salmonellosis |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by rotavirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Calves in 1st wk & piglets up to 7 wks of life |
|
|
Term
| What type of virus is rotavirus? |
|
Definition
| Cytolytic virus - viral infected cells shed in feces |
|
|
Term
| What are CS of rotavirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Yellow, fluid diarrhea; Dehydration; Tucked up abdomen & sunken eyeballs |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the villi in rotavirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Blunting & fusion of villi |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by coronavirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Calves up to 21 days (usually 4-6do) |
|
|
Term
| What does feline enteric coronavirus cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CS of coronavirus enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Yellow, fluid, sometimes bloody diarrhea; Death in 2-4d |
|
|
Term
| What happens in coronavirus enteritis, microscopically? |
|
Definition
| Enterocyte loss, blunting, and fusion of villi; necrosis of epithelial cells w/ replacement by immature cuboidal or squamous cells |
|
|
Term
| Enterocytes infected w/ rotavirus contain _____, stained w/ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coronavirus which is lytic to villus enterocytes |
|
|
Term
| When does TGE usually occur? |
|
Definition
| Winter (virus is inactivated by sunlight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden onset of vomiting & profuse diarrhea which latter contains white, undigested milk & foul smelling; Dehydration, wt loss, weakness, emaciation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some additional consequences of TGE? |
|
Definition
| Marked villus atrophy, epithelial necrosis & sloughing, sloughed enterocytes carry virus in the feces; stomach emptying due to vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Describe the SI of a piglet w/ TGE. |
|
Definition
| Dilated by gas, thin-walled, contains undigested milk |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for BVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by BVD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Morbidity: 2-50%; Mortality: 100% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fever, Anorexia, Depression, Profuse Diarrhea, Galactia, Rumen atony, Ptyalism, Lacrimation, Mucopurulent nasal discharge |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions associated w/ BVD? |
|
Definition
| Multifocal, sharply demarcated erosions & ulcers in tongue, gums, palate, esophagus, rumen, abomasum, coronary bands of hooves |
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic lesion of BVD? |
|
Definition
| In intestine: sharply demarcated foci of necrosis in the epithelium over GALT |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the stratum spinosum in BVD? |
|
Definition
| Hydropic degn & necrosis --> erosion & ulceration |
|
|
Term
| Where else is necrosis seen in BVD? |
|
Definition
| Villous & crypt epithelium in abomasum, SI, cecum, colon w/ extensive loss of epithelium |
|
|
Term
| In BVD, what covers the damaged GALT? |
|
Definition
| Fibrinonecrotic pseudomembrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the urogenital ridge? |
|
Definition
| A collection of embryonic tissue located on either side of the embryonic aorta & embryonic intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is the urogenital ridge composed of? |
|
Definition
| Mesonephric ridge & genital ridge |
|
|
Term
| What is the mesonephric ridge composed of? |
|
Definition
| Mesonephros & mesonephric (Wolffian) duct |
|
|
Term
| Mullerian duct = ________; Wolffian duct = ______ |
|
Definition
| Paramesonephric; Mesonephric |
|
|
Term
| Where does the Mullerian duct arise? |
|
Definition
| L surface of mesonephric ridge |
|
|
Term
| What is the genital ridge formed by? |
|
Definition
| Coelomic epithelium & embryonic mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| Early in embryonic life, _____ migrate from _____ into the genital ridge & the _____ is formed. |
|
Definition
| primordial germ cells; embryonic yolk sac; undifferentiated gonad |
|
|
Term
| What does the undifferentiated gonad on the genital ridge consist of? |
|
Definition
| Primordial germ cells bounded by germinal epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Differentiated gonad: _____ forms the testis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct form? |
|
Definition
| Epididymis, DD, Seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What does the urogenital sinus form? |
|
Definition
| Prostate; Bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| What does the genital tubercle become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the genital folds form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the genital swellings form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In all mammalian spp studied, males differentiate _____ in embryonic development. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for SRY protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What induces the undifferentiated gonad to become a testis & produce Sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What encodes for the production of SRY protein? |
|
Definition
| Sry, a gene on the Y chromosome |
|
|
Term
| What 2 critical hormones does the testis produce? |
|
Definition
| MIF/MIS/AMH from Sertoli cells; Testosterone from Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leads to regression of paramesonephric ducts |
|
|
Term
| What does testosterone do? |
|
Definition
| Prevents Wolffian duct regression & promotes its differentiation |
|
|
Term
| What does dihydrotestosterone do? |
|
Definition
| Induceds devo of penis, scrotum, prostate |
|
|
Term
| What is a male pseudohermaphrodite? |
|
Definition
| Intersex w/ male gonadal tissue |
|
|
Term
| What 2 inflammatory diseases are caused by Morbillivirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for CD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by RP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is RP a significant dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is characteristic of RP lesions? |
|
Definition
| Multinucleate enterocytes are present in the intestinal lesions |
|
|
Term
| What is the characteristic feature of CD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diarrhea, coryza, purulent conjunctivitis, bronchitis, hyperkeratosis of digital pads (hard pad), nervous signs |
|
|
Term
| What are the nervous signs of CD? |
|
Definition
| chewing mvmts, ptyalism, incoordination, continuous rhythmic mvmts, convulsions & circling |
|
|
Term
| What type of virus is CDV? |
|
Definition
| Pantropic; lesions in all tissues (lymphoid, alimentary, respiratory, urogenital, cutaneous, endocrine, nervous & eye) |
|
|
Term
| What type of inclusion bodies are seen in CD? |
|
Definition
| i/c & i/n eosinophilic IBs |
|
|
Term
| What are some abnormalities of testicular development? |
|
Definition
| Testicular hypoplasia & Cryptorchidism |
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by testicular hypoplasia? |
|
Definition
| Sporadic & low incidence in bull, ram, boar, horse; Higher frequency in Swedish Highland bulls (inherited, single autosomal recessive gene w/ incomplete penetrance) |
|
|
Term
| In testicular hypoplasia, the testis & epididymis are usually: |
|
Definition
| small & freely moveable w/i scrotum |
|
|
Term
| What are the karyotypes for Klinefelter's syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the extra X chromosome in Klinefelter's syndrome do? |
|
Definition
| Produces testicular hypoplasia & sterility |
|
|
Term
| In what animals has Klinefelter's been identified? |
|
Definition
| Stallions, bulls, rams, dogs, cats |
|
|
Term
| The reason for testicular hypoplasia is usually _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what animal is Klinefelter's best recognized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The gene for black & the gene for orange reside on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should normal male calico cats have both black and orange coat colors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does Klinefelter's become apparent? |
|
Definition
| Puberty (breeding soundness exam) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA from same fertilized egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA from different fertilized eggs |
|
|
Term
| What is Rhodococcus equi? |
|
Definition
| Lg Gr(+) rod; normal inhabitant of equine intestine |
|
|
Term
| What is Rhodococcus equi enteritis characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary & intestinal pyogranulomas in foalsin foals <6mo |
|
|
Term
| Where do Rhodococcus equi thrive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Rhodococcus equi produce in the colonic & cecal mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Multiple necrotic foci & ulcerations; thickened (2-5cm) & corrugated |
|
|
Term
| What infiltrates the lamina propria & lymphoid tissue in Rhodococcus equi enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Lg # of mac's & multinucleated giant cells |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the lnn in Rhodococcus equi enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Mesenteric, cecal, & colonic lymphadenitis |
|
|
Term
| In Rhodococcus equi enteritis, what can be seen w/ Giemsa & tissue Gram stains? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria filled in macs/giant cells |
|
|
Term
| What are some types of Proliferative/granulomatous enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterial enteritis (intestinal TB); Paratuberculosis; Canine intestinal histoplasmosis |
|
|
Term
| What causes mycobacterial enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis & M. bovis |
|
|
Term
| What is the portal of entry for mycobacterial enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion & then via Peyer's patches where the bacilli are phagocytosed by M cells |
|
|
Term
| What are CS of mycobacterial enteritis? |
|
Definition
| chronic diarrhea, lower abd pain, chronic wt loss |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the intestine in mycobacterial enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Thickened, firm, hose-like segment of intestine; numerous epithelioid granulomas w/ caseation, necrosis & calcification |
|
|
Term
| What happens to regional lnn in mycobacterial enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Granulomas & calcification |
|
|
Term
| What is seen in the lamina propria in equine granulomatous enteritis? |
|
Definition
| Greatly thickened by inflammatory cells (mononuclear:macs, lymphocytes, plasma cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for Paratuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) |
|
|
Term
| What is Johne's dz characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Intractable diarrhea, emaciation, hypoproteinemia in animals >2yo |
|
|
Term
| What is the source of infection in Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Feces-contaminated soil/pasture/feed |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of bacilli --> penetration of GI mucosa --> uptake by macs |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the mucosa in Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Corrugated mucosal thickening of ileum, cecum & proximal colon |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the lnn in Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Marked enlargement of mesenteric lnn |
|
|
Term
| What happens, microscopically, in Johne's dz? |
|
Definition
| Infiltration of macs, epithelioid cells & Langhan's giant cells in lamina propria |
|
|
Term
| Describe MAP bacilli (wrt staining) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the non-immune-mediated defense mechanisms of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Teat orifice & teat canal; Keratin of teat canal; Removal of bact @ nursing/milking; Lactoferrin; Lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-H202 system; Lysozyme; complement cascade |
|
|
Term
| How do the teat orifice & teat canal provide non-immune-mediated defense of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does keratin of the teat canal provide non-immune-mediated defense of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Regular sloughing, bactericidal FAs w/i lipids overlying keratin |
|
|
Term
| How does lactoferrin provide non-immune-mediated defense of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Bacteriostatic - binds iron |
|
|
Term
| How does the lactoperoxidase-thiocyanate-H202 system provide non-immune-mediated defense of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Produces hypothiocyanite which damages inner bacterial membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where is lactoperoxidase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does lysozyme provide non-immune-mediated defense of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 categories of immune-mediated defense of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some cell-mediated defense mechanisms of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils in lamina propria of teat canal & rosette of Furstenberg; Phagocytic cells w/i mammary secretions; Neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| How many phagocytic cells are in normal uninfected mammary gland? What type are most of them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of neutrophils in cell mediated immunity in the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| Quickly increase following inf (major role in clearing invading bact); phagocytosis following opsonization |
|
|
Term
| How many neutrophils are in the mammary gland during subclinical infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many neutrophils are in the mammary gland in clinical mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are neutrophils more efficient in milk or serum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are neutrophils less efficient in milk than serum? |
|
Definition
| Impaired chemotaxis; Decreased superoxide anion production; ADCC; Decreased phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What are some humoral defense mechanisms of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| [Ab] are _____ in normal milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the [Ab] in colostrum & inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is serum-derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is mammary-gland derived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig is produced locally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which Ig may prevent adherence of bact to epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are bacterial pathogens that have the mammary gland as their primary host/reservoir? |
|
Definition
| Strep agalactiae, Staph aureus, Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial pathogens w/ the mammary gland as their primary host/reservoir have what type of transmission? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ(s) is(are) affected by streptococcal mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What & how does streptococcal mastitis infect? |
|
Definition
| Teat & gland; waves of multiplication; tissue invasion |
|
|
Term
| What is initially seen in strep mastitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens later in strep mastitis? |
|
Definition
| Fibrosis/granulation tissue causes stagnation of milk; premature involution of that part of gland; progresses |
|
|
Term
| How many quarters does strep mastitis usually involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyperemia/edema, strands & flecks of debris in milk, pus in more severe cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obstructed areas may resemble small abscesses ; thickened ducts & sinus mucosa |
|
|
