Term
|
Definition
| vasogenic edema due to disrupted blood brain barrier and cytotoxic edema due to increases in intracellular fluid secondary to membrane injury |
|
|
Term
| Clinical significance of cerebral edema |
|
Definition
| brain is sensitive to edema and there is no lymphatic system to carry excess fluid away |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (usually, from open wound) = arterial; subdural hematoma (no open wound) = venous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arteriovenous malformations - most common congenital vascular malformation; usually present
with seizure disorder or subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
saccular aneurysms arising at bifurcation points in the carotid system (usually Circle of Willis); rupture
with sudden headache. Subarachnoid hemorrhage is usual presentation (35% case fatality) |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerotic Aneurysms |
|
Definition
| in larger vessels (carotid, basilar) |
|
|
Term
| Charcot-Bouchard Aneurysms |
|
Definition
lipohyalinosis (lipid and hyaline deposited in cerebral arterioles) associated with
hypertension. Develops in basal ganglia, pons and cerebellum; risk is rupture, hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of cerebral infarction |
|
Definition
| vascular occlusion, thrombosis or embolus |
|
|
Term
| Morphology of cerebral infarction |
|
Definition
| pale, soft, swollen after 48 hours, gelatinous and friable as edema resolves, leaves a fluid-filled cavity with dark gray tissue which expands as dead tissue is resorbed |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of cerebral infarction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory process involving the leptomeninges within the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Definitinon of meningoencephalitis |
|
Definition
| if the infection spread into the underlying brain |
|
|
Term
| Definition of encephalitis |
|
Definition
| infection of the substance of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Common routes of infection of the nervous system |
|
Definition
| hematogeneous spread (arterial blood supply, most common route), direct implantation ( traumatic introduction of foreign materials), Local extension ( infection of the skull/spine) and peripheral nerves (virsus route of entry) |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of acute meningitis |
|
Definition
| infection from E. coli, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis or Pneumococcus |
|
|
Term
| Morphologic features of acute meningitis |
|
Definition
| CSF contains neutrophils, elevated protein and decreased glucose |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of acute meningitis |
|
Definition
| infection of leptomeninges and subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of viral encephalitis |
|
Definition
| viral infections- mumps virus, echovirus, coxsackievirus, EBV |
|
|
Term
| Morphologic features of viral encephalitis |
|
Definition
| CSF contains lymphocytes, elevated protein and normal glucose levels, culture is negative |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of viral encephalitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common causes of bacterial encephalitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphologic features of bacterial encephalitis |
|
Definition
| Brain absecess formation, discrete lesions with central liquiative necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of bacterial encephalitis |
|
Definition
| infection of substance of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Common causes of chronic meningitis |
|
Definition
| bacteri and fungi (M. tuberculosis), Treponema pallidum, Coccidioiodes, Crytococcus (most common) |
|
|
Term
| Morphologic features of chronic meningitis |
|
Definition
| CSF contains mononuclear cells, increased protein and decreased glucose |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of chronic meningitis |
|
Definition
| chronic infection of leptomeninges and subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Multple sclerosis |
|
Definition
| demyelinating disease with periods of indolence and progression |
|
|
Term
| Underlying defect in Multple sclerosis |
|
Definition
| unclear, viral, autoimmune |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of Multiple scelorsis |
|
Definition
| early is paresthesias, mild sensory/motor symptoms in a limb, cerebellar incoordination, eventual ataxia, incontinence, paraplegia, mental dysfunction due to widespread cerebral and spinal cord demyelination |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Parkinson disease |
|
Definition
| neuronal disorder that causes death of the neurons in the substantia nigra |
|
|
Term
| Underlying defect in Parkinson disease |
|
Definition
| point mutations and duplications of the gene encoding alpha-synuclein |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Parkinson disease |
|
Definition
| progressive symptoms, tremors at rest, muscular rigidty, and emotional lability |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Alzheimer disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Underlying defect of Alzheimer disease |
|
Definition
| senile/neurotic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Alzheimer disease |
|
Definition
| symptoms not before age 50, initial symptoms are subtle, may progress to disorientation, memory loss, aphasia, and immobile dementia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease of the Fore tribe of New Guinea, transmitted by cannibalism |
|
|
Term
| Underlying defect in Kuru |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebellar ataxia that progresses to complete motor incapacity and death from infection or malnutrition in less than a year, dementia is not prominent |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Underlying defect in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
|
Definition
| Rapidly progressive dementia with death in month, transmitted through body fluids, surgical, contaminated animal meat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peaks in 50s and 60s, bot sexes equally |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Schwannomas |
|
Definition
typically solitary, circumscribed, and encapsulated tumors eccentrically
located on proximal nerves or spinal nerve roots. |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Schwannomas |
|
Definition
| extends into posterior fossa to occupy the angle between the cerebellum and the pons |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Neurofibromas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Neurofibromas |
|
Definition
| may be multiple, are usually but not always unencapsulated, often subcutaneous or produce fusiform enlargement of distal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Neurofibromas |
|
Definition
| cafe-au-lait spots, rapid growth spreads to mediastinum, neck, and oral cavity, leads to strangulating death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 80% of adult primary brain tumors |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Astrocytoma |
|
Definition
| poorly defined, gray, infiltrative tumors |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Glioblastoma multiforme |
|
Definition
| 80% of adult primary brain tumors |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Glioblastoma multiforme |
|
Definition
| anaplastic astrocytoma, vascular proliferation |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Glioblastoma multiforme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Oligodendroglioma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Oligodendroglioma |
|
Definition
| infiltrative tumors that form gelatinous gray masses with focal areas of hemorrhage and calcifications |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Oligodendroglioma |
|
Definition
| infiltrative but slow growing, involves white matter of cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can occur at any age, more common in first 2 decade of life |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Ependymoma |
|
Definition
| Tan-gray soft tissue, contain cystic areas, hemorrhagic necrosis, calcifications, encapsulated |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Ependymoma |
|
Definition
| arise within a ventricular cavities, cause obstruction and hydrocephalus or arise in central canal of the spinal cord (adults) |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Neuroblastoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Neuroblastoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Neuroblastoma |
|
Definition
| cerebral hemispheres, similar to peripheral neuroblastomas |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Medulloblastoma |
|
Definition
| first two decades of life |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Medulloblastoma |
|
Definition
| Glial and neuronal differentiation |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Medulloblastoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor of middle/later life |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Meningioma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Meningioma |
|
Definition
| Slow growing tumor that displaces brain and can involve skull |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Primary central nervous system lymphoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross features of Primary central nervous system lymphoma |
|
Definition
| perivascular extension, granular nodes, diffuse microscopic spread |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Primary central nervous system lymphoma |
|
Definition
| CNS involvement, progressive disease, no mets to LN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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