Term
| Definition of Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis |
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Definition
| viral infection of the thyroid |
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Term
| Causes of Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis |
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Definition
| inflammation of thyroid due to viral infection |
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Term
| Gross features of Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis |
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Definition
| multinucleated giant cells |
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Term
| Clinical course of Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis |
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Definition
| fever, painful tender enlargement of thyroid gland |
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Term
| Definition of Chronic painless thyroiditis |
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Definition
| Inflammation of the thyroid gland |
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Term
| Causes of Chronic painless thyroiditis |
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Definition
| possible variant of Graves or Hashimotos |
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Term
| Gross features of Chronic painless thyroiditis |
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Definition
| minimal enlargement of thyroid, not painful or tender, no ophthalmopathy |
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Term
| Clinical course of Chronic painless thyroiditis |
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Definition
| Serum levels of T3/T4 elevated, resolves n 4-8 weeks |
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Term
| Definition of Riedel's thyroiditis |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of Riedel's thyroiditis |
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Definition
| unknown, possible autoimmunity |
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Term
| Gross features Riedel's thyroiditis |
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Definition
| thyroid replaced by dense fibrous tissue |
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Term
| Clinical course of Riedel's thyroiditis |
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Definition
| fibrosis invades contiguous neck structures |
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Term
| Definition of Hashimoto thyroiditis |
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Definition
| most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient |
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Term
| Causes of Hashimoto thyroiditis |
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Definition
| autoimmunity, breakdown of self-tolerance to thyroid autoantigens |
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Term
| Gross features of Hashimoto thyroiditis |
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Definition
| diffuse infiltration of large numbers of lymphs with with plasma cells with well-definied germinal centers |
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Term
| Clinical course of Hashimoto thyroiditis |
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Definition
| painless and diffuse enlargement, asymmetric and lobulated, eventually develops into hypothyroidism and has an increased incidence of lymphoma |
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Term
| Definition of Hypothyroidism |
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Definition
| structural/functional derangement that interferes with the production of adequate levels of thyroid hormone |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism in infants |
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Definition
| Cretinism- physical/mental retardation |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism in children and adults |
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Definition
| Myxedea- hydrophilic mucopolysaccharide accumulation in connective tissue, leads to edema around eyes and thick, course, dry skin with a slowing of physical and mental activity. |
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Term
| Definitinon of Hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
| hypermetabolic state caused by increased output of T4 and T3 |
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Term
| Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
| nervousness, palpitations, rapid pulse, fatigability, muscular weakness, weight loss with good appette, diarrhea, excessive perspirtation, emotional lability, eye changes, and variable enlargement of the thyroid. |
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Term
| Three common causes of hyperthyroididm |
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Definition
| (1) Graves disease (2) toxic multinodular goiter and (3) toxic adenoma |
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Term
| Definition of Graves disease |
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Definition
| most common case of endogenous hyperthryroidism |
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Term
| Classic triad of Graves disease |
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Definition
| Thyrotoxicosis (diffusely enlarged, hyperfuntional thyroid), infilitrative ophthalmopathy (resultant exophthalmos), and localized, infiltrative dermopathy (pretibial myxedema) |
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Term
| Etiology of Graves disease |
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Definition
HLA-DR3 leukocyte marker, familial predisposition, autoimmunity
Pathogenesis of Graves disease: breakdown in self-tolerance to thyroid autoantigens (TSH receptor) that mimic TSH action and activate TSH receptors on thyroid epithelial cells |
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Term
| Gross features of Graves disease |
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Definition
| uniform enlargement of thyroid, diffuse hypertrophy and hyperplasia of follicles and lymphoid infiltrates |
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Term
|
Definition
| increase in incidence of other autoimmune disease |
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Term
| Definition of diffuse goiter |
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Definition
| diffuse enlargement of thyroid without nodularity |
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Term
|
Definition
| deficient intake of iodine, goitrogens and intrathyroid mechanisms |
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Term
| Gross features of diffuse goiter |
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Definition
| diffuse, symmetric enlargement of the gland |
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Term
| Clinical course of diffuse goiter |
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Definition
| large neck mass, airway obstruction, dysphagia, compression of large vessels |
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Term
| Definition of Mutlinodular goiter |
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Definition
| irregular enlargement of the thyroid |
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Term
| Causes of Mutlinodular goiter |
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Definition
| recurrent episodes of hyperplasia and involution (diffuse goiter) |
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Term
| Gross features of Multinodular goiter |
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Definition
| extreme enlargement of the thyroid |
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Term
| Clinical course of multinodular goiter |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of Thyroid Adenoma |
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Definition
| solitary, discrete, small nodules that represent benign neoplasma of follicular epithelium |
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Term
| Four Morphological criteria to identify thyroid adenoma |
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Definition
| (1) complete fibrous encapsulation (2) clear distinction between architecture inside and outside capsule (3) compression of thyroid parenchyma around adenoma (4) lack of multinodularity in remaining gland. |
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Term
| How is Thyroid adenoma distinguished from a follicular carcinoma |
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Definition
| absence of capsular or vascular nvasion and/or metastasis |
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Term
| Incidence of Papillary carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| most common type of carcinoma (75-85%), associated with previous neck irradiation, all ages |
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Term
| Gross features of Papillary carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| papillary growth pattern, psammoma bodies, ground- glass nuclei and intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations |
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Term
| Clinical course of Papillary carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| Slow growing and mets to LN in neck sometimes to distant sites |
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Term
| Incidence of Follicular carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| 15% of thyroid carcinomas, older age groups, peak incidence in middle adult years, increased risk in areas of dietary iodine deficiency |
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Term
| Gross features of Follicular carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| widely invasive, infiltrating thyroid parachyma and soft tissue, Hurthle cell variants |
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Term
| Clinical course of Follicular carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| more aggressive than papillary carcinoma, 70% morality at 5 years, mets to lungs, bones and liver, treat with iodine |
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Term
| Incidence of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| 5% of thyroid carcinomas, males more common, 50-60yo, tumors w. MEN seen in younger patient |
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Term
| Gross features of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| arises from parafollicular C cells, neuroendocrine neoplasm, amyloid depositis in stroma or arise from multiple endocrine Neoplasia syndrome |
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Term
| Clinical course of Medullary carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| produced calcitonin which accounts for diarrhea, MEN are aggressive with 5 years survival rates of 50% |
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Term
| Incidence of undifferentiated carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| <5% of thyroid carcinomas, elderly patients in endemic goiter areas |
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Term
| Gross features of undifferentiated carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| large tumors, distant mets are common |
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Term
| Clinical course of undifferentiated carcinoma of thyroid |
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Definition
| highly aggressive, death in < 1 years |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of a functioning medullary carcinoma of the thyroid |
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Definition
| produce calcitonin and other polypeptide hormones that account for clinical symptoms like diarrhea |
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