Term
| Definition of Atelectasis |
|
Definition
| incomplete expansion of the lungs or collapse of previously inflated air substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete obstruction due to excessive secretions, tumor or aspiration of an airway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partial/complete filling of the pleural cavity by fluid exudate, tumor, blood clot, or air which compresses the lung parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-obstructive, results from loss of pulmonary surfactant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrotic changes that cause increase in recoil in the lung |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the collapsed lung parenchyma is shrunken below the level of the surrounding lung tissue and is red-blue, rubbery, with a wrinkled overlying pleura. |
|
|
Term
| Classification of pulmonary obstructive disease |
|
Definition
| increase in resistance to air flow due to partial or complete obstruction of airways at any level |
|
|
Term
| Classification of pulmonary restrictive disease |
|
Definition
| reduced expansion of lung parenchyma, with a decreased total lung capacity. |
|
|
Term
| Definition of obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
| increase in resistance to air flow due to complete obstruction of airways |
|
|
Term
| Four conditions classified as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
|
Definition
| centriacinar emphysema, panacinar emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and bronchiectasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reversible, paroxysmal narrowing of the bronchial airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : IgE mediated hypersensitivity, inhalation of occupational-related substances, environmental pollution, drugs and viral respiratory infections |
|
|
Term
| General characteristics of asthma |
|
Definition
| Histologically shows mucous plugs in bronchi and bronchioles, eosinophils, thicked basement membrane of bronchial epithelium, increase in submucosal mucous glands |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of asthma |
|
Definition
| can lead to hypertrophy of bronchial wall muscle and pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls. |
|
|
Term
| Major causes of Emphysema |
|
Definition
| centriacinar or panacinar |
|
|
Term
| centriacinar (centrilobular) emphysema |
|
Definition
central parts of the acini, formed by respiratory bronchioles are
involved; distal alveoli are spared. More common in upper lobes of lung |
|
|
Term
| panacinar (panlobular) emphysema |
|
Definition
acini are uniformly enlarged from the respiratory bronchiole to the
terminal alveoli. More common in lower lung. Is associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. |
|
|
Term
| Gross appearance of Emphysema |
|
Definition
| varies with the form of emphysema and its severity |
|
|
Term
| Clinical significance of Emphysema |
|
Definition
| a form of COPD, adjacent alveoli fuse to produce large air spaces, permanent enlargement of air spaces due to smoking |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Chronic Bronchitis |
|
Definition
| chronic sputum production, associated with a cough |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| increase in size of mucus-secreting glands of the trachea and bronchi |
|
|
Term
| Three end results of chronic bronchitis |
|
Definition
| cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure due to lung disease), hypercapnia (increase in CO2) and hypoxemia, and acute bacterial infections |
|
|
Term
| Definition of bronchiestasis |
|
Definition
| necrotizing infection of the bronchi and bronchioles leading to or associated with permanent abnormal dilation of these airways |
|
|
Term
| Most frequent conditions associated with development of bronchiestasis |
|
Definition
| bronchial obstruction, congenital/hereditary conditions and necrotizing/suppurative pneumonias |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of bronchiestasis |
|
Definition
| persisting infection or obstruction |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of bronchiestasis |
|
Definition
| obstruction causes infection and the infection causes weakening and dilation |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of bronchiestasis |
|
Definition
| massively dilated airways with fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of bronchiestasis |
|
Definition
| persistant cough, fever, and the expectoration of copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum, URI, and mixed flora from cultured sputum |
|
|
Term
| Restrictive lung disease with normal lung parenchyma |
|
Definition
| poliomyelitis (polio), severe obesity, plueral diseases, kyphoscoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine) |
|
|
Term
| Restrictive lung disease with abnormal lung parenchyma |
|
Definition
| Pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, and infections |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Pneumoconioses |
|
Definition
| disease caused by inhalation of dust or aerosol |
|
|
Term
| Changes in the lung as a result of inhalation of carbon dust |
|
Definition
| progressive massive fibrosis of the lung |
|
|
Term
| Changes in the lung as a result of inhalation of silica fibers |
|
Definition
| Progressive nodular fibrosis of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Changes in the lung as a result of inhalation of asbestosis fibers |
|
Definition
| diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lungs, ferruginous bodies withs areas of scarring, pleural plaques |
|
|
Term
| Relationship of asbestosis to carcinogenesis |
|
Definition
| asbestos inhalation has a 5x greater risk for bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Most common malignancies associated with asbestos exposure |
|
Definition
| bronchogenic carcinoma and malignant mesothelioma |
|
|
Term
| Definition of sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
| disease of lungs of unknown origin, noncaseating granulomatous inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Clinical characteristics of sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
| occurs in people aged 20-35, more common in women, more common in blacks |
|
|
Term
| Radiologic features of sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pattern of inflammation of sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
| lymph nodes, hilar and mediastinal nodes are enlarged |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Heart Failure Cells |
|
Definition
| hemosiderin laden macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Which stains identify pigmented macrophages as heart failure cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of chronic passive congestion of the lungs |
|
Definition
| low grade inflammatory response that can lead to interstitial fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of chronic passive congestion of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of chronic passive congestion of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| increased hydrostatic pressure or injury to alveolar capillary membranes |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| transudation of fluid into interstitial and pleural spaces, accumulation of intra-alveolar fluid |
|
|
Term
| Clinical course of pulmonary edema |
|
Definition
| if severe causes exudation of plasma and cellular constituents of blood |
|
|
Term
| Sites of origin of pulmonary emboli and thrombi |
|
Definition
| thrombi in large veins of lower legs, travel to pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of transformation for thrombi to pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
| occurs in hospitalized immobile patients |
|
|
Term
| Gross characteristics of pulmonary thrombi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gross chracteristics of pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
| wedge shaped, hemorrhagic early, heals with scar, apex of infarct is the point of origin |
|
|
Term
| Clinical significance of pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of a pulmonary infarct |
|
Definition
| : emboli cause infarction when bronchial circulation is compromised, and pulmonary venous pressure is elevated, more peripheral occlusions have higher likelyhood of causing infarctions, often multiple and affect lower lobes |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of a pulmonary infarct |
|
Definition
| peripeheral and wedge-shaped, hemorrhagic and heal with scar |
|
|
Term
| Definition of bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| exudative solidification (consolidation) of pulmonary tissues due to invading infectious organisms (acute and/or chronic inflammatory response) |
|
|
Term
| Three ways to classify bacterial pneumo |
|
Definition
| etiologic agent, nature of host reaction and anatomic distribution of the disease |
|
|
Term
| Etiologic agent classification of bacterial |
|
Definition
| is it caused by a virus, bacteria, etc |
|
|
Term
| Nature of host reaction classification of bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| is it a suppurative reaction or fibrinous reaction |
|
|
Term
| Anatomic distribution of disease classification of bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| is it lobular or broncho-pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| results when injury occurs to normal defense mechanism |
|
|
Term
| Defense mechanism against bacteria in bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| filtering function of nasopharynx, mucocilliary action of lower air passages, and phagocytosis and elimination by alveolar PMNS and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| Methods of impairing defense mechanisms in bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| viral, bacterial or fungal invasion |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect resistance in bacterial pneumonia |
|
Definition
| MyD88 mutations, defects in Th1 cell-mediated immunity, inherited anomalies and lifestyle interference |
|
|
Term
| 4 complications of Bronchopneumonia |
|
Definition
(1) formation of lung abscesses;
(2) empyema [spread of infection to pleura with abscess formation];
(3) suppurative pericarditis; and
(4) bacteremia with abscess formation in other organs. |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of bronchopneumonia |
|
Definition
| staphylococci, streptococci, H. influenzae, pseudomonas, sometimes fungi |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of bronchopneumonia |
|
Definition
| preexisting bronchiolitis, people with low resistance are vulnerable |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of bronchopneumonia |
|
Definition
| lung abscesses; spread to pleura (empyema); spread to pericardium; bacteremia leading to meningitis, arthritis, infective endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of bronchopneumonia |
|
Definition
| : patchy areas of firm, often raised, granular yellow-tan to hemorrhagic zones in lung; micro-suppurative exudates in bronchi, bronchioles and alveolar spaces |
|
|
Term
| Four stages of the inflammatory response in Lobular Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| (1) congestion (2) red hepatization (3) Gray hepatization and (4) resolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vascular engorgement, intra-alveolar fluid with few neutrophils, and often numerous
bacteria. Represents the developing bacterial infection and lasts for about 24 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increasing numbers of neutrophils with engulfed bacteria and precipitation of fibrin
strands fill the alveolar spaces. The massive confluent exudation obscures the pulmonary architecture.
Grossly the lung appears red due to extravasation of red cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuing accumulation of fibrin associated with progressive disintegration of
inflammatory white cells and red cells. The exudate, composed of deteriorating white cells, fibrin, and
red cells contracts somewhat to yield a clear zone adjacent to the alveolar walls. The progressive disintegration of red cells and the persistence of fibrinosuppurative exudate give the gross appearance of a gray surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: the consolidated exudate within the alveolar spaces undergoes progressive enzymic
digestion to produce a granular, semifluid debris that is either resorbed, ingested by macrophages or
coughed up. Most cases undergo resolution with restoration of the lung parenchyma to normal. |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of lobar pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of lobar pneumonia |
|
Definition
| function of the virulence of the organism and the vulnerability of the host |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of lobar pneumonia |
|
Definition
| PMNs plus RBCs cause hepatization which leads to PMNs plus fibrin or gray hepatization which leads to beginning of resolution and then organization |
|
|
Term
| Gross features of lobar pneumonia |
|
Definition
| widespread fibrinosuppurative consolidation of large areas and even whole lobes of the lung |
|
|
Term
| Definition of Lung Abscess |
|
Definition
| local suppurative process within the lung characterized by necrosis of lung tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aspiration of infective material, antecedent primary bacterial infection, septic embolism, neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Lung Abscess |
|
Definition
| Organism introduced by aspiration; complication of necrotizing pneumonia, bronchial obstruction, septic embolism, hematogenous spread in pyogenic infections |
|
|
Term
| Gross Appearance of Lung Abscess |
|
Definition
| Localized area of suppurative necrosis resulting in one or more cavities |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of actinomycosis |
|
Definition
| Actinomyces Israelii aerobic bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of actinomycosis |
|
Definition
| invade when tissue is devitalized by trauma or bacterial infections, tissues grow into colony formation |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of actinomycosis |
|
Definition
| can be cervicofacial, abdominal, and thoracic |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following actinomycosis |
|
Definition
| sulfer granules (colonies of Actinomyces) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M.tuberculosis bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| primary infection is often symptomatic, but can progress to secondary (reactive) infection with more extensive lung damange and dissemintation to other organs |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| caseating granulomatous inflammation, Gohn complex |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Histoplasmosis |
|
Definition
| fungus histoplasma capsulatum |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Histoplasmosis |
|
Definition
| acquired by dust inhalation contaminated with bird/bat droppings |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Histoplasmosis |
|
Definition
| primary pulmonary infection or widely disseminated lethal disorder |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Histoplasmosis |
|
Definition
| prevalent in Ohio-Mississippi River region, mononuclear phagocytes stuffed with fungal yeasts |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Coccidioidomycosis |
|
Definition
| spores of Coccoidioides immitis |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Coccidioidomycosis |
|
Definition
| inhalation of spores, granuloma formation |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Coccidioidomycosis |
|
Definition
| can be acute or chronic, self-limiting pulmonary involvement, can become progressive disseminated disease |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Coccidioidomycosis |
|
Definition
| prevalent in San Joaquin river valley, thick-walled, nonbudding spherules, containing endospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Candidiasis |
|
Definition
| immunosupression causes dissemination |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Candidiasis |
|
Definition
| widespread mucocutaneous infection or systemic infection |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Candidiasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Blastomycosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Blastomycosis |
|
Definition
| inhalation of fungi with secondary hematogenous spread |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Blastomycosis |
|
Definition
| chronic infection characterized by focal supperative and granulomatous lesions in skin and lungs |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Blastomycosis |
|
Definition
| broad based budding yeast |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
| opportunistic infection in immunocomprimised hosts |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
| primary pulmonary infection with dissemination to meninges |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
| thick, gelatinous capsule stained with india ink |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Aspergillosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis |
|
Definition
| invade debilitated tissues |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Aspergillosis |
|
Definition
| primary infection, fungus spreads by hematogenous dissemination to internal organs can cause abscess |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Aspergillosis |
|
Definition
| Thromboses and infarctions due to fungus balls |
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Cytomegalovirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Cytomegalovirus |
|
Definition
| multisystem organ involvement |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Cytomegalovirus |
|
Definition
| spreads to salivary glands, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, thyroid, Adrenal and brain |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Cytomegalovirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Pneumocystosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Pneumocystosis |
|
Definition
| pneumonia in immunodeficient/suppressed people |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Pneumocystosis |
|
Definition
| organisms grow in alveolar spaces, inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Specific features following Pneumocystosis |
|
Definition
| silver stain shows cup-shaped cyst walls, Giemsa to see trophozoites |
|
|
Term
| Changes in lungs resulting from aspiration of oils |
|
Definition
| patchy or diffuse consolidation of lung, bilateral (more common in right), emulsified and phagocytized, organized lung tissue, granulomas |
|
|
Term
| Changes in lungs resulting from deposition of lipids |
|
Definition
| patchy or diffuse consolidation of lung |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical location of hamartomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth pattern of hamartomas |
|
Definition
| mature hyaline cartilage, cystic or cleft-like spaces lined by respiratory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of harmartomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of harmartomas |
|
Definition
| appear as coin/gold ball on X ray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common lung "tumor" of adolescence. Inflamed, walled-off area of well-
developed granulation tissue containing many inflammatory cells, plasma cells. May appear as mass on
chest x-ray. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neuroendocrine origin. Now called bronchial carcinoid |
|
|
Term
| Incidence of Bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Etiology of Bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
Definition
| smoking, radiation, radon, asbestos, pollution, chromate dyes, scarring |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Bronchogenic carcinoma |
|
Definition
| - ectopic hormone production; neuropathy; hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy; pneumonia and/or abscess; superior vena cava syndrome; distant metastasis |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical location of Squamous cell |
|
Definition
| centrally, spread to hilar nodes |
|
|
Term
| Growth pattern of Squamous cell |
|
Definition
| large lesions undergo central necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of Squamous cell |
|
Definition
| hemoptysis, chest pain, chronic cough or symptoms from metastatic disease, preneoplastic lesions of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia, squamous pearls |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Squamous cell |
|
Definition
| unresectable at time of presentation, mets to pleura, liver, adrenal, bone and CNS, leads to death |
|
|
Term
| Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma |
|
Definition
| now termed adeno in situ - a type of minimally invasive adenocarcinoma probably arising from terminal bronchioles or alveolar walls. Cells appear to grow along existing alveolar architecture. |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical location of Adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth pattern of Adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| arise in relation to lung scars, slow growth but mets at early stage, can be acinar, papillary or solid |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of Adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| hemoptysis, chest pain, chronic cough or symptoms from metastatic disease |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Adenocarcinoma |
|
Definition
| unresectable at time of presentation, mets to pleura, liver, adrenal, bone and CNS, leads to death, precursor is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical location of Small cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth pattern of Small cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
| pale gray, early involvement of hilar and mediastinal nodes, highly malignant |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of Small cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
| hemoptysis, chest pain, chronic cough or symptoms from metastatic disease, neutroendocrine markers |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Small cell carcinoma |
|
Definition
| unresectable at time of presentation, mets to pleura, liver, adrenal, bone and CNS, leads to death, incurable by surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
undifferentiated large cell tumors that cannot be classified as adeno- or
squamous carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical location of Bronchial carcinoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth pattern of Bronchial carcinoid |
|
Definition
| slow-growing, locally invasive |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of Bronchial carcinoid |
|
Definition
| cough, hemophysis, carcinoid syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Bronchial carcinoid |
|
Definition
| arise from Kulchitsky cells, contain dense core neurosecretory granules |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical location of Metastatic tumors to the lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth pattern of Metastatic tumors to the lung |
|
Definition
| discrete nodules in periphery |
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of Metastatic tumors to the lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clincal course of Metastatic tumors to the lung |
|
Definition
| spread along lymphatics, diffusing infiltrating septa and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Most common tumor in lung |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collapse of lung tissue due to the presence of exudative fluid in the pleural cavity is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical symptoms of cough, fever and expectoration of large amounts of foul-smelling sputum are MOST suggestive of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following do Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis and Blastomycosis have in common? |
|
Definition
| They produce a granulomatous tissue reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lung diseases is NOT a COPD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asthma, Chronic bronchitis and cystic fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Asbestos exposure is MOST closely associated with tumors whose origin is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common malignant neoplasm involving the lung is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism grows diffusely within the alveoli of immunosuppressed patients? |
|
Definition
| Pneumocystis jerovici/carinii |
|
|
Term
| Most primary lung malignancies arise from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tuberculosis Characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Charcot Leyden Crystals/ Crushmans sprials |
|
|
Term
| Asbestosis Characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blue bloater/ pink puffer |
|
|
Term
| heart-failure Characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aspergillus- fumigatus Characteristic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
