Term
| arteriosclerosis (general) |
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Definition
| a group of disorders associated with thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. |
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Term
| Three morphologic variants of arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
| Arteriosclerosis, Monckeberg medial sclerosis, and atherosclerosis |
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Term
| Arteriosclerosis (specific) |
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Definition
| affects small arteries and arterioles, can cause downstream ischemic injury |
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Term
| Monckeberg Medial sclerosis |
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Definition
| presence of calcific depositis in muscular arteries, not clinically significant |
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Term
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Definition
| most frequent and clinically important pattern of artery hardening |
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Term
| atherosclerosis (definition) |
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Definition
| disease of large and medium-sized arteries (coronary, carotid, arteries of the lower extremities) and the large elastic arteries (aorta and iliac vessels). |
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Term
| epidemiologic factors associated with atherosclerosis |
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Definition
increasing age; higher incidence in males until age 75 to 85 when incidence approaches equality; hyperlipidemia, hypertension; cigarette smoking;diabetes.
Other factors - physical activity may protect from fatal ischemic heart disease; obesity; stress. |
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Term
| Incidence of atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| About 50% of all deaths in the United States are attributed to arteriosclerosis-related diseases |
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Term
| basic lesion of atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| the atheroma or fibrofatty plaque - consists of a raised focal plaque within the intima and a covering fibrous cap. Atheromas compromise arterial blood flow and weaken affected arteries, sometimes resulting in aneurysms. Complications - calcification, ulceration, thrombus formation, aneurysmal dilation, hemorrhage into the plaque. |
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Term
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Definition
| are localized to the intima and consist of increased numbers of lipid-laden intimal smooth muscle cells and macrophages; an accumulation of connective tissue; intracellular and extracellular lipid deposits. Typically, the plaques are composed of a superficial part (the fibrous cap), made up of collagen in which there are variable numbers of smooth muscle cells, and a deeper or central part in which there is a disorganized mass of lipid material, cholesterol clefts, and cellular debris, and variable amounts of fibrin and other plasma proteins. Histology varies by relative numbers of smooth muscle cells, the amount of collagen and extracellular matrix, and the lipid content. |
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Term
| most common sites involved by atherosclerotic plaques. |
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Definition
| infrarenal abdominal aorta, coronary arteries, popliteal arteries, internal carotid arteries, and vessels of the circle of willis |
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Term
| complications affecting atheromatous plaques |
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Definition
| plaque erosion or rupture can trigger thrombosis leading to partial or complete vascular obstruction and often tissue infarction. |
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Term
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Definition
| minute yellow, flat macules that coalesce into elongated lesions, composed of lipid-filled foamy macrophages, do not cause any significant flow disturbance |
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Term
| Fatty streaks and atheromatous plaque |
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Definition
| uncertain, can evolve into plaques, not all are destined to |
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Term
| effects of atheromas on blood flow |
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Definition
| occlusion of smaller vessels can compromise tissue perfusion |
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Term
| Four Clinical Manifestations of atherosclerosis |
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Definition
(1) rupture, ulceration or erosion
(2) hemorrhage into a plaque
(3) atheroembolism
(4) aneurysm formation |
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Term
| Clinical Significance of Monckebergs Arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
| little clinical significance |
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Term
| Clinical Significance of Arteriosclerosis |
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Definition
| often related to hypertension, kidneys commonly affected. |
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Term
| Risk factors for atherosclerosis include all of the following EXCEPT |
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Definition
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Term
| Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
development of focal areas of endothelial injury
increased insudation of lipoproteins (esp. LDL)
inflammatory response including platelet adherence, endothelial cell proliferation, migration of macrophages, T lymphocytes
smooth muscle cell proliferation into the intima with progressive occlusion of lumen
initial macroscopic lesion is the fatty streak which may evolve into a more complex atheroma |
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