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| General causes of cell injury |
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Definition
| - hypoxia; chemical agents and drugs; physical agents; microbiologic agents; immunologic reactions; genetic defects; nutritional imbalances; aging. |
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Term
| biological systems affected by cell injury |
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Definition
| aerobic respiration; integrity of cell membrane [eg: swelling]; synthesis of enzymatic and structural protein; integrity of genetic apparatus. |
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| factors influencing the outcome of cell injury |
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Definition
| duration and severity of injury; type, state, and adaptability of the cell; nutritional, hormonal status and metabolic needs of the cell. |
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| main ultrastructural changes associated with cell injury |
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Definition
| cell membranes (ER, ribosomes); mitochondria; cytoskeleton, DNA. |
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| light microscope patterns of cell injury |
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Definition
| cellular swelling, fatty change and necrosis |
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Term
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Definition
first manifestation of all injury, reversible alteration, causes pallor (compression of capillaries), increased turgor and increased weight.
It is visualized as small, clear vacuoles inside the cytoplasm, represent distended and pinched-off segments of the ER = hydropic change. vacuolar degeneration |
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Definition
| visualized as appearance of lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm, encountered in cells participating in fat metabolism, also shows eosinophilic staining |
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Definition
| loss of membrane integrity, and leakage of cellular contents (inflammation). Cytoplasmic changes include increased eosinophils. Nuclear changes are due to the breakdown of DNA and chromatin |
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Term
| Coagulation necrosis/ischemic necrosis |
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Definition
| loss of nucleus but with preservation of the cell outlines and tissue architecture. Conversion of the cell to an acidophilic, opaque "tombstone." Results from ischemia [due to absence of adequate tissue O2] or chemical injury. |
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Term
| Liquefaction (colliquative) necrosis [eg: in pancreas/pancreatitis |
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Definition
| results from action of hydrolytic enzymes. Commonly encountered in focal bacterial lesions, where enzymes of bacterial and leukocytic origin contribute to the digestion of dead cells. Also characteristic of ischemic destruction of brain tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| encountered when lipases escape into fat. Lipases catalyze the decomposition of triglycerides to produce free fatty acids. The fatty acids combine with serum calcium to create calcium soap. |
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Term
| Caseous necrosis [eg: granulomatous inflammation with central necrosis] |
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Definition
coagulative and liquefactive necrosis encountered principally in the center of tuberculous infections.
Grossly - soft, friable, whitish-gray debris resembling cheesy material. Histologically - amorphous granular debris enclosed within a granulomatous inflammatory wall. |
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Term
| Gangrenous necrosis [eg: appendicitis] |
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Definition
| usually applied to a limb which has lost its blood supply and has been attacked by bacterial agents. Tissues have undergone ischemic cell death and coagulative necrosis, followed by liquefactive necrosis. |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of lipids |
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Definition
small or large vacuoles in cytoplasm of cells associated with a variety of mechanisms. For example fatty change in hepatocytes may be due to alcohol abuse, protein malnutrition, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and hepatotoxins.
Macrophages may also become lipid-laden as a result of phagocytosis of lipid debris ("foam cells"). |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of proteins |
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Definition
| may accumulate in association with heavy proteinuria leading to pinocytotic reabsorption of protein in cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney; or excessive synthesis of proteins, such as immunoglobulins, which deposit in the cytoplasm of plasma cells as Russell bodies. |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of glycogen |
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Definition
| seen in patients with an abnormality in either glucose or glycogen metabolism, such as diabetes mellitus or glycogen storage diseases. |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of carbon |
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Definition
| - inhaled air pollutant becomes phagocytized by alveolar macrophages and deposited in regional lymph nodes. Severe exposure may result in coal worker's pneumoconiosis. |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of lipofuscin |
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Definition
| a brownish-yellow granular cytoplasmic pigment, accumulates in a variety of tissues heart, liver and brain) as a function of age. "Wear and tear" pigment. |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of melanin |
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Definition
| brown-black pigment responsible for skin and hair pigmentation |
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Term
| Intracellular accumulations of hemosiderin |
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Definition
| - hemoglobin-derived, golden-yellow to brown granular or crystalline pigment in which form iron is stored in cells. Seen in association with hemorrhage, chronic congestion, or iron overload. [can be seen with Prussian Blue stain for iron] |
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| shrinkage in size of a cell, tissue or organ due to loss of cell substance. |
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Definition
| a form of physiologic organ atrophy involving apoptosis of cells. |
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Definition
| - increase in size of the cells of a tissue or organ |
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Definition
| increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ. |
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Definition
| one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. |
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Definition
| failure of full development |
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Definition
| almost complete failure of development |
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Definition
| complete absence of an organ or tissue. |
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| abnormal growth; sometimes used to indicate premalignant change. |
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| regenerative changes; stimulated cells can be benign or malignant |
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| Muscle of a limb that has been immobilized for a prolonged period, such as a fractured leg in a cast, becomes smaller in size and weak. Of the following, the term that BEST describes this process is |
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| The type of necrosis that is classically identified in the center of granulomas in association with tuberculous infections, and on gross examination has the consistency of cheese, is termed |
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When subjected to stress, such as cigarette smoke, the normal columnar lining of
the respiratory tract may be replaced by a more protective squamous epithelium.
This replacement of one adult cell type by another adult cell type is referred to as |
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| A 60-year-old man who had generalized atherosclerosis died 24 hours after having a stroke. A cerebral infarct with necrosis was found at autopsy. Necrosis of the brain is classified as |
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Definition
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| Nuclear Morphology Reveals |
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Definition
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Term
| Example of Cellular Activity States |
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Definition
| Euplasia, Retroplasia, Proplasia, and Malignant Neoplasia |
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Term
| Cytoplasmic Morphology Reveals |
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Definition
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Term
| examples of Cellular Differentiation |
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Definition
| Squamous, Glandular, Mesenchymal, Hematopoietic, Neural, |
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