Term
| Most common cause of fulminant hepatitis ? |
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Definition
Viral hepatitis
Other causes due to drug toxicity or autoimmune related |
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Term
| End-stage of any liver disease is ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 defining characteristics of cirrhosis ? |
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Definition
1) Bridging fibrous septa
2) Parenchymal nodules created by regeneration
3) Architectural disruption
Based on nodule size:
Micronodular < 3mm nodules
Macronodular > 3mm nodules |
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Term
| Most common cause of cirrhosis and complications of cirrhosis ? |
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Definition
ALcoholic liver disease
Other causes can be viral hepatitis, biliary tract diseases, Wilson disease
Complications are:
Portal htn
Coagulopathy
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
***Increased risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma*** |
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Term
| Most common cause of Portal htn and consequences of portal htn ? |
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Definition
Cirrhosis
Consequences are:
Ascites
Portosystemic shunts (ex: varices, hemorrhoids)
Congestive splenomegaly (and thrombocytopenia)
Hepatic encephalopathy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased resistance to portal blood flow |
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Term
| Most common cause of venous outflow obstruction ? |
|
Definition
Chronic right heart failure
Initially is *nutmeg liver* but can progress to cirrhosis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Most common infective disease of liver ? |
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Definition
Viral hepatitis
Some hepatotropic viruses (Hep A and E) can also occur, along with other viruses |
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Term
| What are the hepatotropic viruses ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Hepatotropic virus is seen in pregnant women and is transmitted by water ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which hepatotropic virus is transmitted fecal / oral , and does not become chronic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Hep virus exists in carrier state ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Hep viruses can be chronic ? |
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Definition
| Hallmark for Hep C ; also Hep B |
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Term
|
Definition
| Initially detect IgM, then after few months detect IgG |
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Term
| What Hep virus can be present in acute, chronic, or carrier states ? |
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Definition
| Hep B, and can be present in all types of fluids |
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Term
| Which Hep virus is most imp cause of transfusion associated hepatitis and chronic liver disease ? |
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Definition
Hep C
Persistent infection and chronicity are hallmark |
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Term
| Which Hep viruses can cause acute infection ? |
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Definition
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Term
| IV drug abusers and hemophiliacs in USA get what type of Hep ? |
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Definition
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Term
Type 1 and Type 2 versions of Autoimmune Hepatitis have what common immunoglobulin ?
And what HLA ? |
|
Definition
High titers of IgG
HLA DR3 and DR4 |
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Term
| Morphology of Autoimmune Hepatitis ? |
|
Definition
Interface and lobular hepatitis with a predominant population of ***plasma cells*** and lymphocytes
May have zone 3 (perivenular) injury |
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Term
| 4 characteristics of alcohol (toxic) related liver disease ? |
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Definition
May occur with moderate alcohol intake
Shows three patterns of liver disease (H A V)
Mallory bodies present
Mainly micronodular cirrhosis, but macronodules may form at a later stage |
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Term
| What are Mallory bodies ? |
|
Definition
Present in alcohol (toxic) related liver disease, but also other diseases
Are tangled skeins of intermediate filaments
Seen as eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, usually WITHIN ballooned hepatocytes |
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Term
| (AST / ALT) ratio > 2 indicates what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Enlarged myocytes containing large, hyperchromatic rectangular "box-car shaped" nuclei is morphology of what disease ? |
|
Definition
Hypertensive Heart Disease
Also concentric hypertrophy of left ventricle and if persists fr |
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Term
| Morphology of Dilated Cardiomyopathy ? |
|
Definition
Myocytes are hypertrophied with enlarged nuclei
Interstitial and endocardial fibrosis
Subendocardial scars form |
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Term
| Most common cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy ? |
|
Definition
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Other causes are Loeffler's syndrome, amyloidosis, metastatic tumors, |
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Term
| What is valvular incompetence, regurgitation, or insufficiency ? |
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Definition
| Failure of valve to close completely, thereby allowing reversed flow, so blood leaks |
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Term
Chronic mitral valvulitis (fish mouth and fusion of commisures and chordae tendinae)
and
Chronic aortic valvulitis are parts of what disease ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of death in acute rheumatic fever ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of death in acute rheumatic fever ? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of death in acute rheumatic fever ? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Congenital bicuspid aortic valve is seen in what two diseases ? |
|
Definition
Calcific aortic stenosis
and
Infective endocarditis |
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Term
| How do most pts. with mitral valve prolapse present ? |
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Definition
Asymptomatic
7x more common in females , midsystolic click heard |
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Term
| Carcinoid disease does what to heart valves ? |
|
Definition
| There is right sided plaque like fibrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Type of valve repair
Is pulmonary artery to aortic valve autograft |
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Term
| Infective endocarditis involves what valves ? |
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Definition
| More commonly involves left-sided valves, except for IV drug abusers |
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Term
| Two ways infective endocarditis presents ? |
|
Definition
Subacute or Acute
For acute,
short incubation
absent pre-existing valve disease (so no murmurs)
Staph Aureus
Acute/rapid onset
Worse prognosis |
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Term
| Viral myocarditis can lead to what ? |
|
Definition
| May lead to myocardial injury and dilated CM |
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Term
| See what on histo of viral myocaridits ? |
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Definition
Lymphocyte infiltrate and myocytolysis
Interstitial inflammation |
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Term
| Tumor marker for colorectal cancer ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Iron deficiency anemia in an elderly man is due to... |
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Definition
| ** GI malignancy unless proved otherwise ** |
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Term
| Diff. b/w right sided and left sided colorectal cancer ? |
|
Definition
Right sided:
Fatigue, weakness, and iron deficiency anemia
Bulky and bleed easily
Left-sided:
Altered bowel habits |
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