Term
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Definition
Most common cause in adults is portal hypertension due to alcoholic cirrhosis
also caused by polycythemia vera
seen universally with schistosomiasis infections. |
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Term
1.hematologic disorders (leukemia, lymphoma)
2.infectious mononucleosis |
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Definition
| Marked splenomegaly is caused by: |
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Term
1.infection
2.portal hypertension (also associated with varices and ascites)
3.AIDS |
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Definition
| Mild to moderate splenomegaly is caused by: |
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Term
1.lymphomatous involvement
2.metastatic disease
3.cysts
4.hematomas |
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Definition
| Focal lesions of splenomegaly is caused by: |
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Term
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Definition
| Massive splenomegaly is caused by: |
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Term
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Definition
| This parasite causes infectious cysts that may have an 'eggshell calcification,' and the patient may present with LUQ pain, elevated WBCs, and fever. |
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Term
| posttraumatic cysts/pseudocysts |
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Definition
| These splenic cysts have no cellular lining, and may contain low-level echoes from cholesterol crystals or debris. |
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Term
| true primary congenital/epidermoid cysts |
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Definition
| These rare cysts, including lymphangiomas and cystic hemangiomas, are typically solitary and 10cm. |
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Term
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Definition
| This pathology appears as focal, echogenic lesions with or without shadowing, and is caused by histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, and sarcoidosis |
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Term
| lymphoma and angiosarcoma |
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Definition
| types of primary malignancy of the spleen |
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Term
1.melanoma
2.lymphoma
3.leukemia
4.carcinoma of ovary, breast, lung, or stomach |
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Definition
| types of metastasis to the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common benign primary neoplasm of the spleen. |
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Term
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Definition
| This pathology of the spleen affects males 20-50, and is associated with Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
cause: occlusion of a segment of splenic artery or branch
prevalence: common in patients with bacterial endocarditis and splenic artery aneurysms |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a familial disorder of fat metabolism caused by an enzyme deficiency affecting the spleen; 50% are <8yrs. |
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Term
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Definition
| This splenic pathology, common in immunocompromised patients, appears as wheel-within-wheel or bull's eye nodules. |
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Term
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Definition
prevalence: common in immunocompromised patients
cause: mycobacterial infection
sonographic appearance: innumerable tiny echogenic foci seen diffusely throughout the spleen |
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Term
| subcapsular/intraparenchymal hematoma |
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Definition
| Sonographic appearance is crescent-shaped fluid collection conforming to splenic contour. |
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Term
| Accessory Spleen/Splenunculi/Supernumerary Spleen |
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Definition
| This common congenital anomaly (30%) may present with acute abdominal pain if there is torsion. |
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Term
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Definition
| the normal arrangement of asymmetric body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| the mirror image arrangement of body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| the wide spectrum of abnormalities between situs solitus and situs inversus |
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Term
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Definition
prevalence: males
sonographic appearance:
1.two left lungs
2.absent gallbladder
3.cardiovascular abnormalities |
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Term
|
Definition
prevalence: females
sonographic appearance:
1.two right lungs
2.reversed aorta and IVC
3.horseshoe kidneys
4.midline liver and gallbladder |
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Term
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Definition
prevalence: most commonly seen in lymphoma (50% of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma;25% of patients with Hodgkin's disease)
2.criteria for assessment:
abdomen - <1cm = normal
>1cm, single = suspicious
>1.5cm, single = abnormal
>1cm, multiple = abnormal
retrocrural - >0.6cm = abnormal
pelvic - >1.5cm = abnormal |
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Term
|
Definition
sonographic appearance: variable
1.round or oval, with a longitudinal/transverse ratio of less than 2
2.discrete hypoechoic or anechoic masses seen anterior and posterior to the great vessels with no enhancement
1.may fuse to form a hypoechoic mantle of tissue surrounding the aorta and elevating it from the spine ('floating aorta' sign)
3.echogenic cortical widening, and narrow or absent echogenic hilus suggest malignancy
4.color Doppler may show avascular intranodal regions or displaced/distorted intranodal vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Metastatic disease of the retroperitoneum is typically from _____ or ______ tumors, and is through lymphatic or hematogenous spread. |
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Term
| primary retroperitoneal tumor |
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Definition
prevalence: rare
1.3:1 men
malignancy: 70-90% in adults are malignant
prognosis: 5-year survival is 22-50%
1.fixation of tumor and invasion of adjacent structures are worst prognostic features |
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Term
1.liposarcoma – embryonic lipoblasto cells
2.leiomyosarcoma – contains smooth muscle
3.malignant fibrous histiocytoma |
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Definition
| types of primary retroperitoneal tumors |
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Term
| retroperitoneal fibrosis/Ormond's disease |
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Definition
| This pathology is a dense fibrous tissue proliferation confined to the paravertebral region; seen as a hypoechoic, homogenous 2-6cm mass that appears midline as plaque around the distal aorta, without displacing it from the spine; associated with bilateral ureteral obstruction, malignancy, and methysergide use. |
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Term
| psoas muscle and perinephric space |
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Definition
| Common sites for retroperitoneal hemorrhage include _____ and _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| This retroperitoneal pathology typically occurs 10-21 days after surgery; most are anechoic, resembling simple cysts, though 20-50% present as complex masses with septations. |
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Term
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Definition
| This benign asymptomatic pathology of the adrenal glands is rare, affecting females 3:1, commonly in the 3rd - 5th decades. |
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Term
1.endothelial
2.pseudocyst
3.epithelial
4.parasitic |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Post-traumatic hemorrhage affects the _(right/left)___ adrenal gland more commonly. |
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Term
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Definition
| This neoplasm of glandular epithelium occurs in 3% of autopsies, and incidence increases with age;associated with hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, renal cell carcinoma, and hereditary adenomatosis of colon and rectum |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ adenoma's give rise to Cushing's syndrome or Conn's disease. |
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Term
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Definition
| This adrenal pathology results from excessive cortisol secretion from adrenal hyperplasia (70%), adenoma (20%), carcinoma (10%), or exogenous corticosteroid administration |
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Term
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Definition
| This adrenal pathology results from excessive cortisol excretion due to elevated ACTH production from a pituitary adenoma |
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Term
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Definition
| This adrenal pathology results from excessive excretion of aldosterone from adrenal adenoma (70%), adrenal hyperplasia (30%), or rarely adrenal carcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
| This hyperfunctioning tumor, more common on the right adrenal gland, increases epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion; more common in the 2nd-5th decades. |
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Term
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Definition
| This rare, usually benign pathology typically arises from neuroectodermal tissue of adrenal medulla; patients may present with intermittent hypertension, pounding or severe headache, palpitations with tachycardia, or excessive perspiration; associated with von Hippel-Lindau and MEN |
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Term
| adrenal cortical carcinoma |
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Definition
| This rare, malignant adrenal pathology has two types - hyperfunctioning (more common in female), and nonfunctioning (more common in men); most common in the 4th decade; sonographic appearance is variable based on size, though all typically have a well-defined lobulated border |
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Term
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Definition
| This benign fatty nonfunctioning tumor is hyperechoic, and may show a propagation speed artifact. |
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Term
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Definition
| The adrenal gland is 4th most common site for metastasis after ___, ___, and ____. |
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Term
1.Morrison's Pouch – between kidney and liver (right subhepatic space)
2.Pouch of Douglas – between rectum and uterus
3.paracolic gutters – lateral to ascending and descending colon in pelvis |
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Definition
| dependent areas of the abdomen and pelvis |
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Term
1.cirrhosis
2.neoplasm
3.congestive heart failure
4.tuberculosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Effusion of blood in the peritoneal cavity caused by:
1.trauma
2.ruptured aneurysm, ectopic pregnancy, or liver mass
3.postsurgical bleeding
4.spontaneous hemorrhage in patients on anticoagulants |
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Term
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Definition
Lymph accumulation within the peritoneal cavity caused by:
1.trauma
2.surgery
3.lymphangioma
4.lymphoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Rare, often fatal intra-abdominal disease where columnar epithelium secrete copious globules of extracellular mucin, with dissecting gelatinous ascites; seen as a 'starburst appearance' or scalloping of the liver |
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Term
| FAST - Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma |
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Definition
| Screen for intra-abdominal injury in trauma patients, where the primary focus is to detect free intraperitoneal fluid, which would suggest significant intra-abdominal injury requiring urgent laparotomy |
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Term
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Definition
This peritoneal pathology is caused by fluid produced by the ovaries that may encase the ovaries
symptoms: pelvic pain and pressure
sonographic appearance: vary in size and echogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
| These rare intra-abdominal masses are usually asymptomatic, and vary in size (<1cm - >25cm) and echogenicity |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuse inflammation of the parietal and visceral peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
This is a benign anatomical variant.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
This rare pathology is typically asymptomatic.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
This splenic pathology is common in patients with bacterial endocarditis and splenic artery aneurysms.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Most common benign neoplasm of the spleen.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
This rare, often fatal disease may cause abdominal pain and distention or bowel obstruction.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
This adrenal pathology has symptoms of a pounding or severe headache or palpitations with tachycardia.
[image] |
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Term
| retroperitoneal fibrosis/Ormond's disease |
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Definition
What is surrounding the aorta?
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
This is a benign fatty nonfunctioning tumor of the adrenal gland.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Majority is caused by cirrhosis, neoplasm, congestive heart failure, or tuberculosis.
[image] |
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Term
|
Definition
This adrenal disease occurs most commonly in the 4th decade, and is overall more common in females.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
May give rise to Cushing's syndrome or Conn's disease.
[image] |
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