Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When does microbe have to do to be considered an infection ? |
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Definition
| Enter the body, multiply, but not cause tissue damage |
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Term
| What does microbe have to do to be considered an infectious disease ? |
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Definition
| Microbes multiply and produce tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of microbe to cause disease |
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Term
| What does person develop if skin is hard and reddish, a hard nodule in axillary region can be felt, and he develops fever ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 places that are used by infections to spread in body ? |
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Definition
Wet part of GI
Lung
Genito-urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If the bacteria in the blood multiply |
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Term
| Example of direct injury to tissue ? |
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Definition
| Impetigo caused by Staph. Aureus |
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Term
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Definition
| Scalded skin syndrome due to Exfoliative toxin |
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Term
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Definition
| DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) |
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Term
| Ex of indirect damage through host immune response ? |
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Definition
| Rheumatic heart disease ("fish mouth orifice in heart") |
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Term
| Two exs of granulomatous tissue response ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of infection you see a mixed acute and chronic response ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you see in local respones (inflammation) to bacteria ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What you see in local response (inflammation) to viruses ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What you see in local response (inflammation) to fungus? |
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Definition
| Mixed PMN + lymphocytes + macrophages + giant cells |
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Term
| What tissue response is seen with Clostridia (gas gangrene) ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue response you see with Schistosoma ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue response do you see with Diptheria and Clostridium difficile ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Clostridia Perfringens secretes 12 toxins...what is the most important toxin ? |
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Definition
| Alpha toxin (Lecithinase or Phospholipase C) - degrades Lecithin, a major component of cell membrane |
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Term
| The Pseudomembrane of Cornybacterium Diptheriae infection is made of what 3 things ? |
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Definition
Pharyngeal cells
Fibrin
Exudate |
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Term
| What is normal white cell count ? |
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Definition
| 4K to 10K leukocytes per mL |
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Term
| Most imp step in diagnosing infectious disease ? |
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Definition
| Recognition and isolation of microbe |
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Term
| Classification of Nisseria Meningitides (Meningococcus) ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leptomeninges is made up of what two things ? |
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Definition
| Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater |
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Term
| Meningitis is pyogenic inflammation of ? |
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Definition
| Meninges and subarachnoid space |
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Term
| Diagnosis of meningitis is done how ? |
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Definition
Spinal tap of CSF and will see PMNs and increase protein.
Also decrease in glucose |
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Term
| What is Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome ? |
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Definition
| Fulminant Meningococcemia with bilateral adrenal hemorrhages |
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Term
Most common bacteria causing meningitis in these age groups ?
Neonates up to 2 months:
Infancy and childhood:
Adolescence:
20-60 years: |
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Definition
Neonates up to 2 months: Strep. agalactiae
Infancy and childhood: Strep. pneumoniae
Adolescence: N. menigitidis
20-60 years: Strep. pneumoniae |
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Term
| Classification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae in males shows what symptoms ? |
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Definition
Urethritis, epididymitis
Thick creamy yellow discharge and dysuria
In homosexual males, it is oropharyngitis and proctitis |
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Term
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae in females shows what symptoms ? |
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Definition
P C S
Peritonitis
Cervicitis
Salpingitis
Also dysuria, vaginal discharge, intermenstrual bleeding
PID
If chronic, scarring of Fallopian tubes causing infertility |
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Term
Gonorrhea infection in newborn causes what?
What can be given to prevent the infection ? |
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Definition
Purulent conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)
Use Erythromycin / Silver nitrate eye drops after birth to prevent infection |
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Term
| How do you diagnose Gonorrhea in males and females ? |
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Definition
Males: Microscopy of exudate and should see PMNs and gram negative diploccci
Females: Culture the exudate, b/c gram negative diplococci are normal part of vaginal flora |
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Term
| What bacteria causes Typhoid Fever or Enteric fever ? |
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Definition
Salmonella Typhi (Gram neg. bacilli)
Acquired through ingestion |
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Term
| Reservoir for Salmonella Typhi ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions of typhoid / enteric fever ? |
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Definition
Lesions in Peyer's Patches in ilieum causes diarrhea
Hemorrhagic Necrosis
No PMNs
Only macrophages, erythrophagocytosis
Mesenteric Lymph nodes enlarged |
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Term
| Clinical features of enteric / typhoid fever ? |
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Definition
Fever
Toxic appearance
Leucopenia and bradycardia
Endotoxin produces depression of heart and bone marrow
Ulcers heal w/o scarring
Complications like perfoated periotinitis and bleeding |
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Term
| How to diagnose typhoid / enteric fever from week 1 to 3 ? |
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Definition
B FU A
Week 1: Blood culture (lysis of macrophages releasing large numbers of bacilli in circulation)
Week 2: Organisms in feces and urine
Week 3: Show Antibodies (Widal Test)
In symptom less carriers, chronic colonization of gall bladders takes place
In carriers, pts need cholecystectomy |
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Term
| What is Gram Negative Septicemia ? |
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Definition
Is a common clinical situation, made up of fever, septicemia, DIC, adn shock
Usually due to commensals becoming pathogenic in some situations
Seen in :
E.coli, H. influenza, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (burn
victims), Klebsiella (pneumonia in alcoholics), Proteus
(cross-reacting antibodies with Rickettsia prowazeki),
Serratia |
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Term
| What is mechanism of septic shock ? |
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Definition
Gram negative organisms possess a
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) wall
- Bacterial lysis releases large amounts of LPS in to
blood
- Formation of LPS – LBP (lipopolysaccharide binder
protein) complex
- LPS-LBP picked up by macrophages
- Macrophages release TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
- *** TNF damages endothelial cells ***
- PMNs adhere to endothelium, release of IL-1,procoagulant factor . DIC |
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Term
| Staphylococci produces what type of inflammation ? |
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Definition
| Supparative (purulent) inflammation |
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Term
| Staphylococci is what type of bacteria and where is it usually found, and two types of lesions it produces ? |
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Definition
Gram positive cocci which normally colonize human skin
Most infectious is Staph Aureus
Two types of lesions are:
1. Inflammatory
2. Toxin Mediated |
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Term
| Exs of Inflammatory lesions of Staphylococci ? |
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Definition
Skin - Folliculitis, Furuncles (boils), Carbuncle, Impetigo, Cellulitis, Paronychia (inflamm. of nail bed), surgical wound infection
Postpartum mastitis
Bacteremia
Endocarditis of Tricuspid Valve common in drug addicts (right sided valves) *****
Osteomyelitis
Bronchopneumonia
Bacterimic abscesses
80% MRSA |
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Term
| Most common cause of surgical wound infections and nosocomial pneumonias ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 common species of Staphylococci and how to tell them apart ? |
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Definition
S. aureus
S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus
Coagulase Test |
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Term
| Exs of Toxin Mediated lesions of Staphylococci ? |
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Definition
Entero T Exfolia
Food poisoning – enterotoxin
- Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) – superantigen
- Intra vaginal tampon if left longer leads to growth
of staph . release of exotoxin in to circulation .
rash, conjunctivitis, vomiting, diarrhea
- Scalded Skin Syndrome (exfoliatintoxin) – |
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Term
| One structural way to differentiate Staph from Strep ? |
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Definition
Staph is present in clusters
Strep is present in pairs of chains |
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Term
| Lancefield Grouping is used to classify what ? |
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Definition
Streptococci, into Group A Beta-Hemolytic and Group B Beta-Hemolytic
Group A Beta Hemolytic is most important human pathogen (ex: Strep Pyogenes) |
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