Term
| 5 etiologies of peripheral nerve injuries. |
|
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus
Ethanol Abuse
Trauma
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
Guillan-Barre |
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Mellitus and PNI |
|
Definition
| Axonopathy caused by high blood sugar that begins distally in the legs and feet. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Those who drink alcohol heavily may have resulting in axonopathy and myelinopathy
from the toxicity of alcohol. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laceration, GSW’s, fractures, traction injuries, and thermal injuries can either sever the nerves or cause tissue death. |
|
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Term
| Herniated Nucleus Pulposus and PNI |
|
Definition
| When the nucleus pulposus herniates and compresses the spinal nerve resulting in radiculopathy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by autoimmune response with antibodies in the myelin after an immunization, surgery, or viral respiratory infection. Immune system attacks myelin |
|
|
Term
| 2 general categories of Peripheral Nerve injuries |
|
Definition
Primary Myelinopathy- where the myelin goes bad on the neuron
Primary Axonopathy – where both the axon and the myelin goes bad (the myelin can’t survive without a healthy axon) |
|
|
Term
| classifications of nerve injuries by Seddon. |
|
Definition
-Neurapraxia
-Axonotmesis
-Neurotmesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Local conduction block with normal nerve conduction proximal then distal to the lesion.
Usually a compression, it usually gets better within seconds, but can last longer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The axon and neurolemma are disrupted, but the endoneurium is intact. Recovery is usually good, but slow. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The nerve is severed or torn entirely, it must be surgically repaired, and the recovery is poor. |
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Term
| List 5 clinical manifestations of peripheral nerve injuries |
|
Definition
o Sensory loss in the nerve field
o Projected pain
o Diminished 2-point discrimination
o Motor weakness and atrophy
o Altered vascular response (usually diminished). |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
o Stabilize visual images
o Postural stability
o Spatial orientation |
|
|
Term
| List and describe the otolith organs. |
|
Definition
o Utricle – horizontal and tilt perception
o Saccule – vertical perception |
|
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Term
| List and describe 5 types of “dizziness.” |
|
Definition
o Disequilibrium – feeling of being off balance or unsteady at the feet
o Lightheaded – “woozy” check BP and blood glucose levels
o Vertigo – perception of internal or external motion (you are moving or the ground is moving)
o Behavioral – anything from fear/avoidance to secondary pain.
o Motion Intolerance – negative response to body motion or perceived motion (car wash or car next to you moving causing a feeling of reverse movement), |
|
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Term
| 5 pathologies of the vestibular system. |
|
Definition
-Motion Sickness
-Mal De Debarquement
-Presbystasis
-Meniere’s Disease
-BPPV – Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo.
-Perilymphatic Fistula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vestibular system has a hard time sifting through the stimuli information and
causes the body to feel sick. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the body syncs to the rock of the boat, but when you arrive on land your
body gives sensation of movement that was felt on the boat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| natural dizziness due to aging. The stereocilia and kenocilia start to lose function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over production of the fluid in the inner ear region. The area cannot expand to accommodate the extra fluid and causes HeadAche, pain, vertigo, ringing in the ears, and increased motion perception. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. An intermittent sensation of vertigo that occurs depending on certain body positions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tearing in the membrane between the middle and inner ear causing problems with regulating internal pressure. |
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|
Term
alzheimer's disease
what's going on? |
|
Definition
gradual and progressive onset.
A change in the neurons where plaques from on axons and dendrites of neurons, causing the dendrites to retract and eventually disconnect from one another |
|
|
Term
Alzheimer's disease
symptoms |
|
Definition
AMNESIA - memory deficit
APHASIA - inability to communicate
APRAXIA - loss of ability to perform learned tasks
AGNOSIA - inability to self-observe |
|
|
Term
Alzheimer's disease
-Mild Stage |
|
Definition
-slight personality changes
-they will try to hide it
-will have difficult with tasks |
|
|
Term
Alzheimer's disease
-moderate stage |
|
Definition
-no obvious cognitive impairment
-need supervision
-have more frequent behavior problems |
|
|
Term
Alzheimer's disease
-severe stage |
|
Definition
-patients do not recognize those close to them (e.g., children, family)
-often institutionalized
-personality and behavioral changes
-any communication is difficult |
|
|
Term
| alzheimer's disease survival rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alzheimer's disease treatment |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholinerase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| alzheimer's disease risk factors |
|
Definition
Age
Head injury earlier in life
Females
Genetics
Low socioeconomical status |
|
|
Term
Multiple sclerosis
what's going on, generally? |
|
Definition
Immune response to plaques forming in the CNS.
T-cells destroy plaques but also myelin surrounding nerve axons, causing lesions and scar tissue that inhibit the ability to send and receive signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sensory changes first
-blurred and double vision
-weakness
-balance problems |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of multiple sclerosis |
|
Definition
-Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
-Secondary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
-Primary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
-Progressive-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis |
|
Definition
| Person experiences attack and then it backs off periodically through life |
|
|
Term
| Secondary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis |
|
Definition
| Goes with the relapsing remitting ms where the attacks decrease however, the progression increases |
|
|
Term
| Primary-Progressive Multiple Sclerosis |
|
Definition
| Never really had an attack, person just starts off progressive and has a steady decline |
|
|
Term
| Progressive-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis |
|
Definition
Eventually a person with primary-progressive will have an attack, then they will be categorized of having progressive-relapsing MS
-- Average attack is 1x/year |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Sclerotic Syndromes |
|
Definition
- Corticospinal- stiffness, slowness, weakness, spasticity, paresthesia
- Brainstem- gaze palsy, nystagmus, dysarthria, ocular mobility impairments
- Cerebellar- weakness, postural and movement disorders
- Cerebral- memory loss, optic nerve changes, depression, behavioral changes |
|
|
Term
| TREATMENT OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS |
|
Definition
- Immunosuppressant drugs
- Corticosteroids
- ACTH |
|
|
Term
Parkinson’s disease
-what's going on, generally |
|
Definition
| Progressive idopathic disease affecting the grey matter of the basal ganglia. The reduction in dopamine production affects movement, coordination, and general control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tremors
bradykinesia
akinesia
freezing
rigidity |
|
|
Term
parkinson's disease
clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
-postural instability - (bent posture, altered center of gravity)
-tremors
-gait slowed, shuffling, stiff |
|
|
Term
| parkinson's disease treatment |
|
Definition
-Dopamine supplement therapy
---L dopa, carbidopa
-Weight shifting
-get the patient to do things out of the ordinary: (wake up and stimulate pathways)
---stamp feet, rhythms, clapping, backward walking--- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis -disease of motor neurons causing wasting of neurons that control voluntary muscles. Muscles atrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
-weakness (asymmetric)
-deformities
-oral flaccidity(Bulbar signs)
-dyspnea
-atrophy |
|
|
Term
| Exercise with Stage 1-3 ALS |
|
Definition
INDEPENDENT
-ROM, stretching
-AVOID contractures
-non-fatiguing
-use adaptive equipment |
|
|
Term
| Exercise with Stage 4-5 ALS |
|
Definition
SEMI DEPENDENT
-chair transfers
-positioning
-adaptations |
|
|
Term
| Exercise with Stage 6 ALS |
|
Definition
BED RIDDEN
-completely dependent ADL's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vascular event that destroys surrounding brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| Infectious diseases of the CNS |
|
Definition
-Meningitis
-Encephalitis
-Brain Abscess |
|
|
Term
Infectious diseases of the CNS
-RISK FACTORS |
|
Definition
-insect bites
-contaminated food
-exposure to bodily fluids
-penetrating trauma
-weakened immune system |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose infections of the CNS |
|
Definition
-lumbar.spinal puncture to extract CSF
-MRI/CT |
|
|
Term
Infectious diseases of the CNS
-treatment |
|
Definition
-antibiotics
-corticosteroids
-craniotomy |
|
|
Term
meningitis
-signs and symptoms |
|
Definition
-headache
-fever
-stiff neck
-vomiting
-seizures
-weakness |
|
|
Term
| etiology for encephalitis |
|
Definition
-insect bites (west nile virus)
-mumps
-rubella
-herpes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
headache
nausea
fatigue
pain
chills |
|
|
Term
| etiology of brain abscess |
|
Definition
-infections that produce pus and dead tissue in the brain
-infection can spread from the ear, teeth, sinuses... |
|
|
Term
neoplasms
-primary vs secondary tumors |
|
Definition
primary: develops in the brain/spinal cord
secondary: metastic, spread to the CNS from another site such as the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-headache
-pain
-fatigue
-nausea
-vomiting
-lethargy
-blurred vision |
|
|
Term
| PT implications for brain tumor |
|
Definition
-a very thorough evaluation should be performed focusing on balance, headaches, and weakness
-keep in mind that they may be on chemo or radiation
-review the lab values |
|
|
Term
| signs of hematologic disorders |
|
Definition
-edema
-congestion
-infarction (not enough oxygen)
-thrombosis
-embolism
-lymphedema
-bleeding and bruising
-shock
-lymphadenopathy |
|
|
Term
| early manifestations of shock |
|
Definition
-tachycardia
-pallor
-sweating
-syncope
-anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a decreased number of RBC
-caused by increased destruction of erythrocytes or lack of production
-Less oxygen = less energy
-TREATMENT: bone marrow replacement, nutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-increased number of WBC in the system
-usually a sign of infection if above 10,000 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decreased number of WBC in system
Below 5000 WBC/mm3
causes: immunosuppression, HIV, radiation/chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cancer of the WBC - uncontrollable production of WBC
-this can lead to anemia, since WMC compete for resources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- Chronic Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CLL)
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML) |
|
|
Term
Acute leukemia (ALL and AML )
-describe |
|
Definition
High proportion of (blast) immature, nonfunctional cells in bone marrow and peripheral circulation
-abrupt onset and complications occur |
|
|
Term
Chronic leukemia (CLL and CML)
-describe |
|
Definition
Higher proportion of mature cells
Insidious onset
Mild signs and better prognosis
More common in older people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Severe and steady bone pain
o Weight loss
o Fatigue
o Fever
o Headache
o Blurry vision
o Vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Fatigue
o Weight loss
o Anorexia
o 40% is asymptomatic
o Can progress from chronic to acute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o First sign is an enlarged painless lymph node
o Followed by splenomegaly
o Treatment:
----Radiation and chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Solid tumors are formed from cells and travel
o Treatment:
---- Radiation to break up local tumors
---- Chemotherapy for more wide spread disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 1-early stage cancer found in lymph node
o 2-cancer found two or more lymph nodes
o 3-Spread to lymph nodes above and below diaphragm
o 4-cancer is found in several organs |
|
|
Term
Multiple Myeloma
-what is it? |
|
Definition
Increased production of plasma cells in the bone marrow which travel to the lymphoid system
Multiple tumors are found in the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Bone pain
o Bone loss
o Fracture of bone due to bone loss
o Looking for dark spots on the Radiographs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition where decreased number of platelets in system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inherited Bleeding disorder
people bruise easily because of lack of clotting factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inherited clotting disored
-manifested in men but carried by women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prolonged bleeding after trauma
bleeding in gums, into joint (hemarthrosis)
hematuria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
Replacement therapy for factor VIII
Blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
| hemophilia and physical therapy concerns |
|
Definition
As a PT, we need to be on the defense. We need to educate these patients that prevention is the key.
Bleeding in the joints are not good. Some people get clotting disorders by taking too many NSAIDS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Accumulation of lymph in the extracellular spaces
o Due to a blockage in the lymphatic vessels
o Primary- born with it
o Secondary- get it due to damage of lymph vessels
o Can cause functional and structural impairments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 0-lymph circulation is reduced
o 1-Pitting edema
o 2- non-pitting edema, scar tissue
o 3-non- pitting edema with significant connective and scar tissue build up (elephantitits) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Skin tightness
o Feeling of having “full skin”
o Tight fitting clothes and jewelry
o Skin changes |
|
|
Term
| physical therapy considerations for lymphedema |
|
Definition
Be Infection control
Compression stockings
Exercise (muscle pump)
Educate the patient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the lymph vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Often confused with lymphedema but instead is an accumulation of fat in the areas usually arms and legs |
|
|
Term
Hemorrhagic stroke
-what is it?
-treatment |
|
Definition
Hemorrhage is a ruptured blood vessel (more lethal than ischemic)
-DO NOT USE BLOOD THINNERS |
|
|
Term
Ischemic stroke
-what is it?
-treatment |
|
Definition
Ischemic is usually due to a thrombus or embolism blocking a vessels passage of blood to the brain, Causing it to be deprived of oxygen
-treat:use blood thinners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uterus protrudes outside of the vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Decreased ability to use the muscles of the pelvic floor to do functional tasks |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 types of prolapses? |
|
Definition
Cystocele -
Rectocele -
Uterine prolapse -
Enterocele prolapse -
Vaginal vault prolapse - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tough fibrous wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina is torn by childbirth, allowing the bladder to herniate into the vagina. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tear in the rectovaginal septum
Rectal tissue bulges through this tear and into the vagina as a hernia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uterus protruding from the opening of the vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the upper portion of the vagina loses its normal shape and sags or drops down into the vaginal canal or outside of the vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the small intestine (small bowel) descends into the lower pelvic cavity and pushes at the top part of the vagina, creating a bulge |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse |
|
Definition
Vaginal Bulging
Pelvic Pressure
Feel the need to manually put pressure on vagina
Low back pain |
|
|
Term
| causes of pelvic organ prolapse |
|
Definition
Pregnancy
Obesity
Respiratory problems
Constipation
Pelvic cancer |
|
|
Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
-what is it?
-what does it cause? |
|
Definition
-Inflammation of the pelvis and surrounding tissue due to infection of female upper genital tract
- Common cause of ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy in fallopian tube), infertility, and chronic pain |
|
|
Term
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
s&s |
|
Definition
o Vaginal bleeding
o Chills
o Fever
o Painful Menstruation
o Back pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the inner lining of the uterus is growing outside of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benign tumors in the uterus
Primary reason for hysterectomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer of the lining of the uterus |
|
|
Term
Interstitial Cystitis
-What is it?
-s&s |
|
Definition
Inflammation of bladder wall
Signs and Symptoms
o Urgency and frequency of urination
o Pain
o Pressure
o Poor sleep
o Burning feeling in groin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pain of the female external genitalia
Itching burning, stabbing pain |
|
|
Term
Levator Ani Syndrome
What is it?
Etiology |
|
Definition
Spasms of the pelvic floor muscles
Etiology
o Trauma
o Posture
o Childbirth
o Low back pain
o Sexual abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lump - not painful
o Lump changing shape of breast
o Bleeding of nipple
o Color changes
o Inversion of nipple |
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|
