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Pathology Exam 2 Respiratory
Exam 2
60
Pathology
Graduate
07/28/2016

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Term
respiratory system function
Definition
-ventilation
-respiration
Term
signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease
Definition
-cough(dry, productive)
-dyspnea (SOB)
-orthopnea
-chest pain
-cyanosis
-clubbing (of fingers and toes)
-altered breathing patterns
Term
Respiratory system
progression of airway from large to small
Definition
trachea
segmental bronchi
nonrespiratory bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
Term
aging and the pulmonary system
Definition
-Chest wall compliance dec
-decreased cilia function
-peak function at 20s
Term
Pneumonia
incidence
Definition
very prominent
Term
pneumonia
causes
Definition
30% bacterial, 50% viral, 20% chemicals , fungi, aspiration of fluids vomit
Term
pneumonia
risk factors
Definition
-Smokers
-Complication from acute resp. illness
-Diabetes
-Immunosuppressed
-Inactivity
Term
pneumonia
diagnosis
Definition
-auscultation, percussion
-x-rays
-culture
Term
pneumonia treatment
Definition
-antibiotics
-chest PT
Term
Chest radiograph items to look for
Definition
-Assymetry of the trachea (assym, lung pressure)
-Bone structure
-cardio (heart should be about half the distance between the spine and thoracic wall
--diaphragm, flattening of the diaphragm on one side is bad
Term
Pulmonary tuberculosis
description
causes
Definition
-infectious, inflammatory systemic disease ,affects the lungs, may spread to involve lymph nodes and other organs
- caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Term
Primary vs. Secondary Tuberculosis
Definition
--Primary--
Initial exposure
Latent
Non communicable
--Secondary--
Reactivation ( 10%)
Communicable
Term
pulmonary tuberculosis risk factors
Definition
-Poor, crowded living conditions
-Infants
-Prison inmates
-Diabetic
-End-stage renal dz
-Immunocompromised, esp HIV
Term
pulmonary tuberculosis transmission
Definition
-Droplet borne
-Repetitive household contact
-Resilient bacteria – can live for months outside host, for years dormant inside host
Term
pulmonary tuberculosis signs and symptoms
Definition
-Coughing persistent ( 3 wks +)
-----------Blood , mucous
-Chest Pain
-Night sweats
-Fever
-Weight loss
-Malaise
Term
pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis
Definition
-bacteria test (PPD, TB skin test or interferon)
- chest radiograph
--Sputum culture
--bronchoscopy
--Can impact bones, brain
Term
pulmonary tuberculosis treatment & precautions
Definition
--Droplet precautions
-Screening
-Gown, glove, mask(HEPA) – all disposed of
-Negative pressure room
-Antibiotics
------Important to treat with antibiotic early ( 90% cure)
------without antibiotics 60% death
Term
acute bronchitis
-what is it, broadly
Definition
An inflammation of the trachea and bronchi lasting 1-3 wks
THE TUBE GETS SMALLER
Term
causes of acute bronchitis
Definition
-infection
-chemical irritation
Term
symptoms of acute bronchitis
Definition
Mucus production
Fever
Coughing
Term
Chronic bronchitis
Definition
cough that produces sputum for 3 consecutive months over 2 consecutive years
Term
Chronic bronchitis can lead to...
Definition
-Spasms of bronchi
-Thickening of bronchi (inflamm.-scarring)
-Mucus secretions
-Leads to obstructed airway
-“Blue Bloater”
-Smokers
Term
COPD
-includes...
Definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
-Emphysema
-Chronic Bronchitis
-Asthma
Term
causes of COPD
Definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
-environmental irritants, especially smoking
Term
emphysema -what's happening
Definition
-pathologic accumulation of air in the tissues (more difficulty getting the air out) -permanent enlargement of alveoli due to destruction of alveolar walls
Term
COPD treatment
Definition
-Pursed lipped breathing
-Bronchodilator
-Quit smoking
-Supplemental O2 if hypoxemic
Term
COPD diagnosis
Definition
-Physical Exam
-Observation
-Auscultation
Term
pink puffer
Definition
-from emphysema
-under weight, less muscle mass overall
-hypertrohpy of neck muscles
Term
Asthma
Definition
-increased reaction of airway to stimulus
-bronchial spasm - narrows airway
Term
asthma symptoms
Definition
-Wheezing
-Coughing
-Dyspnea
-Tightness in chest
-Perspiration
-Cyanosis
-Can be a medical emergency – can lead to death
Term
Asthma treatment
Definition
Medications
-Bronchodilators
-Anti-inflamatories
-Staying away from sources of triggers
Term
Emphysema vs chronic bronchitis
-appearance?
Definition
emphysema - pink puffer
chronic bronchitis - blue bloater
Term
sleep apnea - broad description
Definition
Upper airway obstruction that occurs during sleep. leads to sleepiness during the day
Term
sleep apnea
-central-
Definition
- altered chemosensitivity and cerebral respiratory control
- neurologic disorders
Term
sleep apnea
-obstructive-
Definition
-Pharyngeal collapse during sleep
-Upper body obesity
Term
sleep apnea treatment
Definition
-Weight loss
-Surgery- Uvula, tonsils, adenoids, toungue
-Oral appliances
-CPAP (continuous positive air pressure)
Term
restrictive lung disease
Definition
Any disease or condition that reduces rib expansion/lung expansion
Term
restrictive lung disease examples
Definition
-Scarring in lungs – Pulmonary fibrosis
-Systemic sclerosis
-Injury to chest wall
Term
cystic fibrosis
-cause and common affected population
Definition
-Inherited disorder of ion transport (Na+, Cl-)
-common among whites
-
Term
cystic fibrosis
-what's going on?
Definition
Salt accumulates in the lining of lungs, digestive tissue, pancreatic enzymes, making secretions sticky and thick
Term
cystic fibrosis treatments
Definition
Chest PT
Flutter device
Hyponatremia
Term
systems affected by Cystic fibrosis
Definition
any exocrine
(pancreas, reproductive, digestive...)
Term
Hyponatremia
-implications for athletes
Definition
-A condition that occurs when the level of sodium in the blood is too low
-CF athletes can excrete 3-5 times the sodium (sweat) can be a serious problem for athletes
Term
pulmonary edema, what is it?
Definition
excessive fluid in the lungs, decreasing space available for gas exchange
-interstitial tissue,
-air spaces (alveoli),
(or both)
Term
causes of pulmonary edema
Definition
- Left C.Heart Failure
- acute hypertension
- mitral valve disease
- noncardiac causes
kidney or liver disorders -sodium and water retention
Term
pulmonary edema signs and symptoms
Definition
-Chest film
-SOB
-Dec activity tol
Term
pulmonary edema management
Definition
-Supplemental o2
-Diuretics
-Sitting upright feet down
Term
conducting airway includes
Definition
trachea, segmental bronchi, and non-respiratory bronchioles
Term
respiratory unit includes
Definition
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
Term
lung cancer
-risk factors
Definition
Smokers
Environmental hazards
Occupational exposure
Genetics
Term
lung cancer
-symptoms
Definition
Coughing
Dyspnea
Pleural Pain
Wheezing
Term
lung cancer
-survival rate
Definition
only 14% of people with lung cancer survive beyond 5 years after diagnosis
Term
lung cancer classifications
Definition
-Small cell lung cancer - 20%
-non small cell lung cancer - 80%
Term
lung cancer treatments
Definition
commonly metastasizes, so treat with chemo and surgery
Term
pulmonary hypertension features
Definition
-HBP in the pulmonary arteries
-Narrowing of the pulmonary arteries
-hypertrophy of the vessel walls
-fibrous lesions
Term
Cor Pulmonale
-what is it?
Definition
-Enlargement of R ventricle due to pulmonary HTN that occurs in lung diseases
Term
Cor pulmonale
-risk factors
Definition
Smokers
Pulmonary embolism
Late stage of COPD
Term
pneumothorax
-what is it?
Definition
Air or gas in pleural cavity – collapse of lung
Term
pneumothorax types
Definition
Spontaneous- internal lung rupture from dz
Traumatic
Iatrogenic-puncture from surgery
Term
pneumothorax
-treatment
Definition
monitor, needle, chest tube, surgery
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