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PATHOLOGY EXAM2 general
General concepts for EXAM 2
50
Pathology
Graduate
08/09/2016

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
right heart failure
-describe
Definition
blood not pumping into the lungs, difficulty receiving venous blood, venous backup
– Dependent edema
– Jugular vein distention
– Abdominal distention
– Liver congestion
– Cyanosis
Term
left heart failure
-describe
Definition
blood not pumping out to the body, backing up in to the lungs
- Dyspnea
– Pulmonary edema
– Fatigue
Term
mitral valve stenosis
Definition
- Mitral valve thickened, Valve narrows
- Increased atrial pressure, pulmonary vein congestion
Term
Mitral valve regurgitation
-symptoms
Definition
- Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, lightheadedness, and a rapid, fluttering heartbeat
Term
SA node
-location
-blood supply
Definition
- wall of the right atrium, heart’s pacemaker. Blood supply is most often right coronary artery
Term
AV node
-what it does
-blood supply
Definition
- heartbeat conduction,
- blood supply: right coronary artery
Term
right coronary artery
-describe location and areas supplied
Definition
Right atria and ventricle,(AV node , SA node)
-Interventricular septum.
-anterior posterior and inferior LV areas
Term
Left coronary artery supplies
Definition
-anterior descending branch: anterior LV
-left circumflex: anterio/posteriolateral LV
Term
CABG vs stent
Definition
– both treat a blocked or poorly functioning artery.
- Stent opens up the existing vessel, where CABG redirects bloodflow, creating a detour
Term
S&S of myocardial infarction
Definition
-Prolonged pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the center of the chest
-Pain that spreads to the throat, neck, back, jaw, shoulders, or arms
-Chest discomfort with lightheadedness, dizziness, sweating, pallor, nausea, or shortness of breath
-Prolonged symptoms unrelieved by antacids, nitroglycerine, or rest
Term
s&s of general Resp. distress
Definition
• Cough (dry , productive)
• Dyspnea (SOB)
• Orthopnea
• Chest pain
• Cyanosis
• Clubbing (of fingers and toes)
• Altered breathing patterns
Term
conducting vs. respiratory
Definition
1. Conducting: Trachea ->segmental bronchi -> Bronchioles (non-rep)
2. Respiratory: Bronchioles(resp.) -> alveolar ducts
Term
5 respiratory pathologies
Definition
1. Pneumonia
2. Asthma
3. Emphysema
4. Chronic Bronchitis
5. cystic fibrosis
Term
Pneumonia
-area affected, effect
-symptoms
-treatment
Definition
-bacterial, viral, fungal
-causative agent invades alveoli, and fluid from capillaries fills alveolar space
-fast breathing, shallow breathing, shortness of breath, or wheezing
-treat with antibiotic/fungal, chest PT
Term
asthma
Definition
-increased sensitivity to environmental conditions
-bronchioles affected, obstructed by muscle spasm, swelling of mucosa, and thick secretions - EMERGENCY
-treat with MEDS: bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, adnd avoiding triggers
Term
cystic fibrosis
Definition
-bronchioles affected,
-inherited disorder of ion transport (Na+, Cl-)
-salt accumulates on lining of lungs, digestive tissue, pancreatic enzymes, making secretions sticky and thick
- treat with Chest PT, flutter device, and weighing pre-post exercise to ensure electrolyte replenishment
Term
emphysema
Definition
-common from smoking
-breakdown of alveolar walls, spaces enlarged, less gas exchange
-"PINK PUFFERS"
Term
chronic bronchitis
Definition
-initially only larger bronchi affected, but eventually all airways
-Increased mucus production causes obstruction
-"blue bloater"
Term
pink puffer VS blue bloater
Definition
BOTH from COPD
pink puffer: emphysema, hyperventilation to compensate for reduced alveolar surface. Low cardiac output leads to muscle wasting/weight loss

BLUE BLOATER: Chronic bronchitis, decreased ventilation, increased cardiac output. Residual lung volume increases (bloating) and hypoxemia (blue/cyanotic)
Term
COPD
-describe
-pathologies involved
Definition
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
caused by environmental irritants
-Emphysema
-Chronic Bronchitis
-Asthma
Term
Pulmonary hypertension
Definition
-HBP in the Pulm arteries
-Narrowing of the pulm art
-Hypertrophy of vessel walls
-fibrous lesions
-leads to COR PULMONALE (enlargement of RV)
Term
What is cancer?
Definition
efected or mutated cell that does not destroy itself and undergoes mitosis to replicate itself. Typically replicates quickly.
Term
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
Definition
Weight loss, nausea, vomiting, fever, pain, weakness
Term
What is sarcopenia? What causes it?
Definition
age related loss of muscle mass, strength, and endurance, changes in metabolic quality. It’s caused by disuse, age related, neuro-degenerative disease, endocrine.
Term
What issues does aging have on joint and connective tissue?
Definition
-Increased stiffness and decreased flexibility
-changes in articular cartilage
-tendons: become brittle, weaker
-proprioception
-bone: some bone loss
Term
What is osteomyelitis?
Definition
Infectious organism in the bone. It is more common in adults and immunocompromised individuals. It’s on the rise because of implants and prosthetics. Causes are exogenous and hematogenous.
Term
Diskitis
Definition
It’s an infection of the disk or vertebral end plates. Cause is post-discectomy.
Term
4 MSK pathologies
Definition
Infectious or Septic Arthritis
Myositis:
Skeletal TB:

Diskitis:
Term
Infectious or Septic Arthritis:
Definition
An infected joint. Causes are bloodstream, penetrating object, and nearby infections. Symptoms are malaise, pain, fever, swelling.
Term
Myositis
Definition
Inflammation in the muscle. Causes are infection (bacterial, viral, parasite). There is a strong link with cancer. Symptoms are general malaise, swelling, fever, atrophy, tenderness.
Term
Skeletal TB
Definition
Spreads from lungs usually to the spine. Symptoms are malaise, pain, fever, swelling.
Term
Diskitis
Definition
infection of the disk or vertebral end plates. Cause is post-discectomy. Symptom is severe back pain.
Term
How do you rehab someone with neoplasms?
Definition
Early mobilization, avoid torsion - high impact, stretching, balance (fx risk). These tissues are going to be weaker, sore.
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
porous bones and it’s the most common metabolic bone disease
- bone formation falls behind resorption. Osteoblastic activity decreases (which builds bone) and osteoclastic activity increases (which resorbs bone). Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in determining the level of calcium in the blood.
Term
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
Definition
Heredity, body type, ethnicity, alcohol use, diet
Term
Osteoporosis
What are the clinical manifestations?
Definition
Thoracic spine kyphosis, forward head, dowager’s hump, shoulder internal rotation, loss of overall body weight
Term
What is DEXA?
Definition
Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
comparing high and low energy beams, bone density can be determined
Term
Medicines used for osteoporosis?
Definition
-Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT)
-Selective estrogen replacement modulators
-Bisphosphonates - inhibit bone resorption (can cause poor healing in bones)
-Calcium & Vit D
Term
What is Paget Disease?
Definition
abnormal bone remodeling with increased bone resorption (osteoclasts) and excessive, unorganized new bone formation caused by activated osteoblasts. Bone resorption is so rapid that osteoblastic activity cannot keep up, and fibrous tissue replaces bone
Term
What is DDD?
Definition
Degenerative Disk Disease. The discs lose their ability to absorb water, disk dries out over time. Decreased nutrition to disk, decreased cellular waste removal, decreased space. Nucleus becomes thick. Decreased shock absorption, disks weaken and develop tears.
Term
OA vs RA
Definition
-OA usually occurs at 40 yo, 12% of US adults, men before 45 yo, then after 45yo it’s women, no systemic symptoms, and not an autoimmune disease.

-RA is 25-50 yo, 1-2% of US adults, 3:1 women, systemic presentation with constitutional symptoms, and it’s an autoimmune disease.
Term
What is gout?
Definition
Gout is a disease in which defective metabolism of uric acid causes arthritis. It’s common in big toe, foot, wrist, elbow. Flare up at triggers, purines, trauma, and alcohol. Symptoms are joint pain, fever, joint warmth.
Term
What is Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Definition
Chronic Inflammatory arthropathy of axial skeleton & some larger joints. Joints affected are: SI, Costovertebrals, Intervertebral disks, Spine (bamboo spine). Men are 2x more likely to get this. Ages 15-30 (rare >40). Genetic (HLA-B27 positive in 90%).
Term
everything fractures
Definition
Open or closed.
Displaced or nondisplaced (out of its original alignment vs it’s there but no beuno)
4 types:
Stress
Trauma
Insufficiency - normal stress, weak bone (osteoporosis)
Pathologic - neoplasm, other disease
Bone fracture types:
Transverse, Oblique, Spiral, Comminuted, Segmental, Butterfly
Term
5 genetic disorders.
Definition
Down Syndrome:
Scoliosis:
Spina Bifida Occulta:
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy:
Torticollis:
Term
Down Syndrome:
Definition

a genetic disorder caused by chromosome abnormality. Some clinical manifestations are muscle hypotonia, underdeveloped nasal bone, abnormal facial features, and cognitive delay. There is no cure for this disorder, so you have to treat the specific medical problem.

-CAUTION: atlantoaxial instability, obesity, diabetes, CV dX.

Term
Scoliosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvatures of the spine. It’s idiopathic in 80% of cases. Some clinical manifestations are curvatures of the spine (mild if less than 20 degrees), back pain, pulmonary insufficiency, reduced lung capacity, disk disease. Treatments can include physical therapy, bracing, and surgery.
Term
Spina Bifida Occulta:
Definition
congenital defect of neural tube closure, this is incomplete osseous closure. Does not protrude visibly. Often there is a depression, tuft of hair, soft fatty deposit, or port-wine nevi on the skin at the level of the lesion.
Term
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
Definition
A genetic disorder characterized by symmetric muscle wasting and increasing deformity and disability. Most common muscular dystrophy type (50%). Usually males affected while females are carriers (rarely affected). This is caused by lack of normal dystrophin.
Term
Torticollis:
Definition
Congenital condition in which the SCM is contracted producing head tilt to the affected side with rotation of the chin to the opposite side. 85% complete recovery within one year.
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