Term
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Definition
| Protein that has undergone a conformational change making it resistant to proteases |
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Term
| Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, Mad cow disease, and Kuru |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Obligate intracellular organisms dependent on host cell metabolism for replication |
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Term
| DNA or RNA, Double or Single stranded, Shape of capsid, and presence or absence of lipid envelope |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Commonest cause of human infections |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a cell wall with 2 phospholipid bilayers and a peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between |
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Term
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Definition
| Has a cell wall with a single bilayer covered with peptidoglycan |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Need host for growth conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| Second most common type of human pathogen |
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Term
| Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas |
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Definition
| Subtypes of bacteria that are obligate intracellular organisms |
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Term
| Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae, and Mycoplasmas |
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Definition
| Lack certain structures or metabolic capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Most frequent infectious cause of female sterility that can also cause blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| Transmitted by insect vectors and replicates in endothelial cells causing hemorrhagic vasculitis and rash |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack cell wall and includes pneumonia and ureaplasma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Form of fungi at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of fungi at body temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced by fungi and are extremely resistant to environmental degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungi that affect skin, nails, and hair shafts |
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Term
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Definition
| May be devastating in immunocompromised and can be confined to certain geographic areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single-cell organisms with motility and complex organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries |
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Term
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Definition
| Have complex life cycles, usually having sexual reproduction in definitive host and asexual proliferation in vector |
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Term
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Definition
| Helminths have sexual reproduction here |
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Term
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Definition
| Helminths have asexual proliferation here |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult worms do not multiply here but generate eggs for the next cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoinfections with this organism can be overwhelming in the immunosuppressed |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by these can be caused by inflammatory reaction to eggs or larvae |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease caused by these is proportaionate to the number of organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Include arthropods such as lice, ticks, fleas, and bedbugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Attach to and live on skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Especially used to test IgM for acute infections |
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Term
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Definition
| Used for HIV and hepatitis C quantitation |
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Term
| PCR/Nucleic acid amplification tests |
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Definition
| Now routine test for chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes in CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| Some organisms that are hard to culture |
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Term
| HIV, Borrelia, and SARS virus |
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Definition
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Term
| CMV, Pneumocystis, and Toxoplasmosis |
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Definition
| Some organisms that cause little or no disease in immunocompetent people that can cause disease in the immunosuppressed |
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Term
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Definition
| Two examples of diseases that are growing resistant to drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Arrived in the US in 1999 |
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Term
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Definition
| Highest ranking classification of a disease that can be used for bioterrorism |
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Term
| Efficiency of transmission, difficulty of producing and distributing bug, how well can be defended against, and how likely to produce a panic |
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Definition
| The characteristics used to determine a disease's bioterrorism classification |
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Term
| Keratin layer, low pH, and fatty acids that inhibit growth of bugs |
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Definition
| Chemical characteristics of skin helping to keep out infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Resistant to skin defense against infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Can penetrate skin to cause infection |
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Term
| Insect or animal bites, catheters, and needle sticks |
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Definition
| Three common mechanisms for disease to bypass defenses of the skin |
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Term
| Mucociliary effect of upper air passages |
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Definition
| Clear larger organisms from the respiratory tract |
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Term
| Cilia and coughing or swallowing |
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Definition
| Clear organisms that have reached the trachea |
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Term
| Cilia and coughing or swallowing |
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Definition
| Clear organisms that have reached the trachea |
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Term
| Alveolar macrophages and neutrophils attracted by cytokines |
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Definition
| Clear organisms 5 micrometers or less that reach the alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Size of organisms able to reach the alveoli |
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Term
| Smoking, abnormal mucus, and intubation |
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Definition
| Three means of bypassing the mucociliary defenses of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| In viruses, these allow for attachment to epithelium and prevent mucociliary clearance |
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Term
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Definition
| These allow for release of virus from the host cell, and they also lower the viscosity of mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious toxins can use this mechanism to prevent clearance of organisms from the trachea |
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Term
| Mucociliary problems, aspiration, viral virulence factors (hemagglut. and neuramin.), toxins paralysing cilia, resistance to being killed, temp variation, and immunosuppression |
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Definition
| Impairment of host defenses in the respiratory tract can be achieved by these means |
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Term
| Food or drink contamination with feces |
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Definition
| Most pathogens are transmitted by this meathod |
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Term
| Clean drinking water, sanitation systems, hand and food washing, and proper cooking |
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Definition
| Ways to prevent infection via GI |
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Term
| Gastric acid, mucous, pancreatic secretions, defensins, IgA, normal gut flora, and defacation |
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Definition
| Ways the body defends against infections via GI |
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Term
| MALT (Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue) |
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Definition
| Covered by a single layer of specialized epithelial cells, this area in the GI contains IgA is secreted by B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| This layer of specialized epithelial cells cover the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Transport antigens to MALT and bind numerous pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| Compete with pathogens for nutrients |
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Term
| Loss of gastric acidity, Abx unbalancing GI flora, and GI obstruction/lack of peristalsis |
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Definition
| Ways that defences are weakened in the GI |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of virus may not be killed by digestive juices |
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Term
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Definition
| These viruses directly damage intestinal epithelium they infect |
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Term
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Definition
| These pass through M cells into the blood without local injury |
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Term
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Definition
| These bacterial agents cause food poisoning without bacterial proliferation in the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| These cause excessive secretions by epithelial cells with resultant watery diarrhea |
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Term
| Invasion and damage of epithelium/lamina propria by bacteria |
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Definition
| This causes ulceration and hemorrhage leading to dysentery |
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Term
| Passage into nodes and blood |
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Definition
| The next step to systemic bacterial infection after damaging epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
| Fungal infections most often infect this population |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually affects squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Oral thrush, esophagitis, and occasionally [stomach, colon, and disseminated infection] |
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Definition
| Results of candida infection |
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Term
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Definition
| This form of protozoa is resistant gastric acid |
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Term
| Converts to motile trophozoite which attach to GI epithelium |
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Definition
| In the intestine, the protozoan cyst does this |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually cause disease when present in large numbers or if present in ectopic sites, causing obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Can compete for nutrients when infection occurs |
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Term
| Flushing of urinary tract with sterile urine |
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Definition
| Normal process that prevents UTI's |
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Term
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Definition
| Urinary tract infections almost always start from here |
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Term
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Definition
| Compromise normal defences in the urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause low pH in the vagina during reproductive years |
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Term
| Motility or ability to secrete lytic enzymes |
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Definition
| Invasive organisms are often pathogenic via these mechanisms |
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Term
| Along anatomic planes or surfaces |
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Definition
| Spread of microbes usually occurs in this fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| Allows for multi-organ disease or disease distant from site of organ |
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Term
| Red blood cells (erythrocytes) or migratory macrophages |
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Definition
| The "public transportation" for some microbes to infect distant organs |
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Term
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Definition
| Cervix or bloodstream can be a source of infection for this mode of transmission |
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Term
| Stillbirth or prematurity |
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Definition
| Two consequences of placental-fetal transmission of infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of fetuses at this point in the pregnancy usually has the best outcome |
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Term
| Spit, sex, skin break, breathing, blood, fecal, water, animals |
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Definition
| Methods of microbe transmission |
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Term
| skin, snot, sneeze, stool, 'squitos |
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Definition
| Methods of release of pathogens |
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Term
| Urethra, vagina, cervix, rectum, oropharynx |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Infection with one of these leads to treatment for both |
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Term
|
Definition
| More likely to cause neonatoal visceral or CNS disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Neonatal infection that can cause congenital disease or cause miscarriage |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of nosocomial infections each year |
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Term
| Contact or entry -> cell death; endotoxins, exotoxins, or enzymes; host response |
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Definition
| 3 mechanisms by which infections cause disease |
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Term
| Specific binding, specific protease needs of virus, replicative ability in cell, physical environment |
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Definition
| 4 reasons viruses infect specific cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds the same site on ICAM-1 as LFA-1 of lymphocytes for lymphocyte activation and migration |
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Term
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Definition
| Resists inactivation by gut "juices" |
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Term
| Inhibit DNA on, damage membrane, lyse, apoptosis, CTL's, 2nd infection, one cell to another death, induce cell change |
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Definition
| 8 ways a virus can kill host cells |
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Term
| Adherability, invadability, and toxinability |
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Definition
| 3 items that determine bacterial virulence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Induced expression of virulence factors as a bacteria's concentration in tissue increases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes autoinducer peptides |
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Term
| Increased levels of autoinducer peptide |
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Definition
| Stimulate toxin production by S. aureus |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can pass through M cell to cause disease |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial adhesins on surface of gm+ cocci and bind fibronectin to cell surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| Made up of teichoic acids and F protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial adhesins on surface of gram-rods or cocci |
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