Term
| Determinants of tissue growth rate. (3) |
|
Definition
-Number of cells going through the cell cycle
-Duration of cell cycle
-Number of cells dying |
|
|
Term
| Cancers grow quickly because of? (2) |
|
Definition
| They avoid apoptosis and almost all cells are cycling (avoiding G0) |
|
|
Term
| Malignant Tumors have what two characteristics? (2) |
|
Definition
High growth fraction (fraction of total cells in cell cycle)
Short doubling time (time for tumor to double in size) |
|
|
Term
| Invasion of nearby tissues is |
|
Definition
| Bordering tissues or via seeding of a body cavity |
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|
Term
| Invasion of nearby tissues requires the secretion of |
|
Definition
| proteases to breach basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Development of secondary tumors at distant sites |
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|
Term
| Mets spread can be to where? |
|
Definition
| Through blood to distant tissues |
|
|
Term
| Sentinel node mapping checks what? |
|
Definition
| nodes that drain areas of tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metastatic carcinoma of a peri-aortic lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Mets go through blood to get to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancers secrete enzymes that break down what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tumors in the abdominal cavity spread where? via? |
|
Definition
| Spread to the liver via blood |
|
|
Term
| Mets in the brain means what for the brain? |
|
Definition
| There is a high blood flow and lots of mets |
|
|
Term
| Lung is a common site for? |
|
Definition
| Mets; and the lung receives the entire CO |
|
|
Term
| Some tumors bind to sites in specific tissues. EX. Prostate cancer bind where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer cells must do what to the immune system |
|
Definition
| They must evade the immune system |
|
|
Term
| How do the cancer cells evade the immune system? (3) |
|
Definition
Stop secreting Tumor Specific Antigens
Aggregate as emboli
Kill immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor cells attract blood vessels, which allows the tumor to grow |
|
|
Term
| People with HIV are more likely to get what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cancer cell gets into new tissue ad interacts with numerous cells. The number of interactions you get tells you whether or not it will metastasize. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that break peptide bonds in the collagen fibers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| If you check the next lymph node closest and it is negative for cancer than it is an early development. |
|
|
Term
| Example of Sentinel node mapping |
|
Definition
| Colon cancer, lots of road blocks versus one road out |
|
|
Term
| DNA repair genes produce what? |
|
Definition
| Cancer when they are inactivated |
|
|
Term
| Apoptosis genes produce what? |
|
Definition
| cancer when they are inactivated. |
|
|
Term
| Tumor Supressor genes do what? |
|
Definition
| Produce cancer when they are inactivated |
|
|
Term
| Tumor supressor genes get inactivated. Which are these genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a tumor is formed what happens to Proto oncogenes? |
|
Definition
| They become constitutively active. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gene that has the potential to cause cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RAS, RAF, HER-2 in breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| what processes are inactivated when cancer over comes the body? |
|
Definition
| DNA repair and Apoptosis genes |
|
|
Term
| Oncogene Formation, which can alter gene Function? |
|
Definition
| Point mutations, insertions, deletions |
|
|
Term
| Oncogene formation, which can create fusion proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over Oncogene formation can cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loss of tumor suppressor activity requires what? |
|
Definition
| Either inherited mutation plus 1 or 2 hits |
|
|
Term
| P53 gene product monitors cells for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the P53 gene do when a mutation is present? |
|
Definition
| Arrests cell cycle when mutation is present , repairs it or apoptosis. |
|
|
Term
| RB is responsible for what? |
|
Definition
| Responsible for retinoblastoma |
|
|
Term
| What can silence a TS gene? |
|
Definition
| Methylation of promoter region |
|
|
Term
| Both _____ genes need to be mutated before the cell is cancerous. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular pathways in cancer: What happens to the DNA repair mechanisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular pathways in cancer: Growth receptor pathway genes become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular pathways in cancer: Apoptosis pathway and TS genes become what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular pathways in cancer: What do cells avoid? |
|
Definition
| Cells avoid secrete angiogenesis factors |
|
|
Term
| Cellular pathways in cancer: When stem cell gene programs activated what happens? |
|
Definition
| Allows metastases to form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A human epidermal growth factor |
|
|
Term
| Some breast cancers have amplification of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased expression of HER 2 genes means what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibody against HER2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cells exposed to carcinogen |
|
|
Term
| Initiation cells exposed to carcinogens have what kind of changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor cell growth becomes unregulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor cells become fully malignant |
|
|
Term
| Can cancer be hereditary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hereditary cancerous genes examples |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mutations to BRCA1 and 2 TS genes cause what? |
|
Definition
| Increased breast cancer risk |
|
|
Term
| Familial adenomatous polyposis is what kind of disorder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What could potentially drive cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adipose produces androgens and estrogens which does what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Obesity can cause an increase in what? |
|
Definition
| Insulin and IGF1 which then stimulates cell division |
|
|
Term
| Do tumor cells have specific antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells are natural cancer killers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Macrophages take up TSA's which do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells do helper t cells activate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Helper T cells activate B cells and then release antibodies which then attack cancer cells and serve as targets fir natural killer cells and TC cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kill cancer cells directly |
|
|
Term
| What kills most cancer cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune system failure is essential for what? |
|
Definition
| Necessary for cancer to succeed. |
|
|
Term
| Immune suppression leads to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Example of immune suppression leading to cancer... |
|
Definition
| Aids leading to Kaposi's Sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What can cause 30% of cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some chemical carcinogens can cause cancer without... |
|
Definition
| Chemical change in the body-direct |
|
|
Term
| Some chemical carcinogens require what in the body to cause cancer? |
|
Definition
| Chemical alteration in the body, indirect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced when tobacco burns and meat charbroiled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oral and esophageal cancer |
|
|
Term
| What does the impact of radiation on the bodydepend on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiation has a long latency period for... |
|
Definition
| Leukemia, thyroid cancer and skin cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is the most dangerous form of radiation |
|
Definition
| Long and intense and episodic exposure to sun during childhood |
|
|
Term
| Virus that causes cancer: HPV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Virus that causes cancer: Epstien-Barr virus |
|
Definition
| Several Lymphomas and nasopharyngeal cancer |
|
|
Term
| Virus that causes cancer: Hep B Virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cancer disrupts tissues which are __ or __ |
|
Definition
| Local/regional or Direct effects |
|
|
Term
| Many cancers cause what indirect systemic effects? |
|
Definition
| Anorexia, weight loss, and tissue wasting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes cancer prognosis less positive? |
|
Definition
| By increasing toxicity/side effects of chemotherapy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small proteins that are important in cell signaling. Their release has an effect on the behavior of cells around them. |
|
|
Term
| Cytokines may play a role in indirect systemic effects of cancer. Examples? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indirect effects of cancer: Impact safety center ___ appetite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indirect effects of cancer: Cause fever ___ calorie use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| From blood loss, hemolysis, or impaired hematogenisis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Treatment as well as disease and may also decrease tolerance of treatment. |
|
|
Term
| Anemia is associated with what? |
|
Definition
| Poor quality of life and poor outcome |
|
|
Term
| Cancer cells can produce what three things? |
|
Definition
| Hormones, coagulation factors, and antigens that trigger auto-immune responses. |
|
|
Term
| Four different ways cancer cells can produce hormones |
|
Definition
| ADH->hypoatremia, ACTH -> cushings syndrome, PTH -> hypercalcemia, GH->acromegaly |
|
|
Term
| Screening, Secondary disease prevention: Observation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Screening, Secondary disease prevention: Palpation |
|
Definition
| Breast, thyroid, prostate, lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| Screening, Secondary disease prevention: X rays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Observation of epithelial cells using what test |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pap test is used for what? |
|
Definition
| Cervical cancer screening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigens or proteins that are produced or over produced by tumors (This can be used for diagnosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marker for prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carinoembryonic antigen CEA |
|
Definition
| Marker for colorectal/other GI cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue removal for testing of cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| palpable tumors and those identified on x ray |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibodies used to find cancer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Screen genome for cancer risk alleles, allow tumor testing as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagnostic for cervical cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| level of anaplasia in prostate biopsy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assesses degree of anaplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes elements of stage and grade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicates if lymph nodes (+) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicates presence of mets |
|
|
Term
| Cancer treatment Surgery: uses |
|
Definition
Used for:
diagnosis, Staging, Tumor removal, palliation, can cure local cancer, can be pyophylactic |
|
|
Term
| Radiation for cancer treatment is the.. |
|
Definition
| Primary Rx for some cancers |
|
|
Term
| pallitative radiation can.. |
|
Definition
| Decrease size for other cancers |
|
|
Term
| Radiation can be useful for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiation produces DNA damage which means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mode of radiation delivery, usually from linear acceleration |
|
|
Term
| Brachytherapy mode of cancer radiation treatment |
|
Definition
| From inserted sealed source |
|
|
Term
| Injected unsealed source in radiation cancer treatment delivery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adverse effects of radiation treatment: |
|
Definition
| Injuries, kills normal cells, GI effects, N/V, diarrhea, Bone marrow suppression, skin burns and hair loss |
|
|
Term
| Primary form of treatment for cancers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can chemotherapy reach? |
|
Definition
| Both Tumors and Mets anywhere |
|
|
Term
| How many regular cells are killed by chemo and how many cancer cells are killed by chemo |
|
Definition
Normal cells killed are a fixed fraction
Cancer cells are killed exponentially. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective cancer treatment against high growth fraction tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does chemotherapy kill the cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of relationship is there between drug dose and cancer cell survival? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Methotrexate blocks DNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunosuppressive drug and chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alykalating agents damage resting DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time point of maximum toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Predicts time course of side effects |
|
|
Term
| Adverse reactions of chemotherapy |
|
Definition
Bone marrow suppression
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Fatigue, hair loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of gonads in sex hormone responsive cancers |
|
|
Term
| When is hormonal therapy useful |
|
Definition
| When tumors express hormone receptors |
|
|
Term
| What do Aromatase inhibitors do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does estrogen in peripheral tissues mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hormone receptor blockers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give monoclonal antibody or other immune activators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Give activated immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monoclonal antibodies against cancer antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Angiogenesis inhibitors are unique cancer-fighting agents because they tend to inhibit the growth of blood vessels rather than tumor cells. In some cancers, angiogenesis inhibitors are most effective when combined with additional therapies, especially chemotherapy. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of drugs to block action of chimeric cancer proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zika could be a treatment for which cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What could happen in children that they are more susceptible to cancer? Examples? |
|
Definition
Genetic abnormalities
Downs and Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia |
|
|
Term
| Wat specific gene defects could increase the risk of cancers |
|
Definition
| Germline gene defects to 1 TS allele |
|
|
Term
| Can chemo and radiation increase your risk for getting cancer a second time? |
|
Definition
|
|
