Term
| What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
| rubor, tumor, calor, dolor |
|
|
Term
| 3 major local manifestations of acut inflammation. |
|
Definition
| (1) Vascular dilation and increased blood flow (causing erythema and warmth); (2) extravasation and extravascular deposition of plasma fluid and proteins (edema); (3) leukocyte emigration and accumulation in the site of injury. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HIF-1α (hypoxia-induced factor-1α), which activates transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and others factors. |
|
|
Term
| transudate is ___ and exudate is _____. |
|
Definition
| fluid leakage that results form increased hydrostatic pressure/ fluid and protein leakage due to increased vascualr permeability |
|
|
Term
| Vascular leakage is illicited by ____. |
|
Definition
| histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, the neuropeptide substance P, and many other chemical mediators that contract endothelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| Vasodilation is induced by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endothelial injury occurs in ____ and is caused by ____. |
|
Definition
| arteries, capillaries, and venules/ burns some toxins |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte-mediated vascular injury occurs in _____ and is associated with _____. |
|
Definition
| venules and pulmonary capillaries/ late stages of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Increased transcytosis occurs in ____ and is induced by _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils roll on ____, bind to ____, and are transmigrated by_____ in the endothelium. |
|
Definition
| P and E selectins and GlyCam-1 (CD34)/ Integren ligand (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1)/ PECAM-1 (CD31) |
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes express _____ on their surface for rolling and adhering. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue macrophages, mast cells, and endothelial cells that encounter microbes and dead tissues respond by secreting _______ |
|
Definition
| several cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF),17 interleukin-1 (IL-1),18 and chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) |
|
|
Term
| What are Weibel-Palade bodies? |
|
Definition
| P-selectin redistributed from its normal intracellular stores in endothelial cell granules. |
|
|
Term
| Once inside the blood vessel, chemokines ____. |
|
Definition
| bind to endothelial cell proteoglycans, and are displayed at high concentrations on the endothelial surface. These chemokines bind to and activate the rolling leukocytes. |
|
|
Term
| After activation, VLA-4 and LFA-1 integrins on the leukocytes are converted to a _____ state. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmigration aka diapedesis of leukocytes occurs mainly in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the connective tissue, the leukocytes are able to adhere to the extracellular matrix by |
|
Definition
| integrins and CD44 binding to matrix proteins |
|
|
Term
| Individuals with leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 have a defect in the biosynthesis of |
|
Definition
| the β2 chain shared by the LFA-1 and Mac-1 integrins |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 2 is caused by |
|
Definition
| the absence of sialyl-Lewis X, the fucose-containing ligand for E- and P-selectins |
|
|
Term
| Exogenous chemoattractants include |
|
Definition
| bacterial products, including peptides that possess an N-formylmethionine terminal amino acid, and some lipids |
|
|
Term
| Endogenous chemoattractants include |
|
Definition
| (1) cytokines, particularly those of the chemokine family (e.g., IL-8); (2) components of the complement system, particularly C5a; and (3) arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, mainly leukotriene B4 (LTB4) |
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes move toward chemoattractants using |
|
Definition
| actin on the leading and myosin on the lagging edges and extendng filopodia. |
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils predominate ______ and are replaced by _____. |
|
Definition
| during the first 6 to 24 hours and are replaced by monocytes in 24 to 48 hours |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria attracts_____, viruses ____, and hypersensityive reactions ______. |
|
Definition
| neutrophils / lymphocytes / eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| _____ receptors on leukocytes recognize components of different types of microbes. |
|
Definition
| G protein-coupled receptors found on neutrophils, macrophages, and most other types of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| G protein-coupled receptors found on neutrophils, macrophages, and most other types of leukocytes recognize |
|
Definition
| N-formylmethionyl residues, chemokines, and lipid mediators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| include antibodies, complement proteins, and lectins which ingest microbes that have ben coated to target them for phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
| Phagocytes express a receptor called ____ that regognizes ____. |
|
Definition
| CR1/ breakdown products of C3 |
|
|
Term
| interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is secreted by |
|
Definition
| natural killer cells reacting to microbes and by antigen-activated T lymphocytes during adaptive immune responses |
|
|
Term
| Leukocyte activation increases cytosolic _____ and activation of enzymes such as _____. |
|
Definition
| Ca2+ / protein kinase C and phospholipase A2 |
|
|
Term
| the mannose receptor recognizes |
|
Definition
| microbes and not host cells |
|
|
Term
| Macrophage integrins, notably _____ may also bind microbes for phagocytosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the most efficient ways of enhancing the phagocytosis of particles is coating the particles with _____ specific for the particles, which are then recognized by the high-affinity |
|
Definition
| IgG antibodies / Fcγ receptor of phagocytes, called FcγRI |
|
|
Term
| After engulfment, the phagosome then fuses with a ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Microbial killing is accomplished largely by |
|
Definition
| reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species, mainly derived from NO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| activation of NADPH oxidase ( also called phagocyte oxidase), which oxidizes NADPH (reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate) and, in the process, reduces oxygen to superoxide anion O•2- |
|
|
Term
| H202 can kill microbes when |
|
Definition
| azurophilic granules of neutrophils containing the enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), in the presence of a halide such as Cl-, converts H2O2 to hypochlorite OCl• |
|
|
Term
| How does NO participate in microbial killing? |
|
Definition
| NO reacts with superoxide (O•2-) to generate the highly reactive free radical peroxynitrite (ONOO•) |
|
|
Term
| defensins, cathelicidins, lactoferrins, and bactericidal/permeability increasing proteins all participate in ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are activated by ____ and supressed by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Classicaly activated macrophages (M1) are activated by ____ and supressed by ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternatively activated macrophages bring about |
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatory efects and wound repair |
|
|
Term
| Alternatively activated macrophages bring about |
|
Definition
| microbicidal actions and pathological inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| ROS and lysosomal enzymes stimulate |
|
Definition
| microbicial actions like phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and fungi |
|
|
Term
| IL-1, IL-12, and IL-23 stimulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL-10 and TGF-Beta stimulates |
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatory effects |
|
|
Term
| Arginase, proline polyaminase, and TGF-Beta stimulate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute transplant rejectionwould stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
| Lymphocytes; antibodies and complement |
|
|
Term
| Acute Asthma would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
| Eosinophils; IgE antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Glomerulonephritis would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, monocytes; antibodies and complement |
|
|
Term
| Septic shock would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lung abscess would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils (and bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Arthritis would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic Asthma would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
| Eosinophils; IgE antibodies |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic transplant rejection would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary fibrosis would stimulate what immune cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chédiak-Higashi syndrome is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by |
|
Definition
| defective fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes in phagocytes (causing susceptibility to infections) |
|
|
Term
| chronic granulomatous disease describes |
|
Definition
| inherited defects of phagocyte oxidase |
|
|
Term
| Anti inflammatory agents include |
|
Definition
| TGF Beta, Il-10, resolvins, and protectins |
|
|
Term
| Histamine is secreted by ______ and causes _______. |
|
Definition
| Mast cells, basophils, platelets / Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, endothelial activation |
|
|
Term
| Serotonin is secreted by ______ and causes _______. |
|
Definition
| Platelets / Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandins are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Mast cells, leukocytes / Vasodilation, pain, fever |
|
|
Term
| Leukotrienes are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Mast cells, leukocytes / Increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation |
|
|
Term
| Platelet-activating factor is secreted by ______ and causes _______. |
|
Definition
| Leukocytes, mast cells / Vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, degranulation, oxidative burst |
|
|
Term
| Reactive oxygen species are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Leukocytes / Killing of microbes, tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Nitric oxide is secreted by ______ and causes _______. |
|
Definition
| Endothelium, macrophages / Vascular smooth muscle relaxation, killing of microbes |
|
|
Term
| Cytokines (TNF, IL-1) are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells /Local endothelial activation (expression of adhesion molecules), fever/ pain/ anorexia/ hypotension, decreased vascular resistance (shock) |
|
|
Term
| Chemokines are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Leukocytes, activated macrophages / Chemotaxis, leukocyte activation |
|
|
Term
| Complement products (C5a, C3a, C4a) are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Plasma (produced in liver) / Leukocyte chemotaxis and activation, vasodilation (mast cell stimulation) |
|
|
Term
| Kinins are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Plasma (produced in liver) / Increased vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, pain |
|
|
Term
| Proteases activated during coagulation are secreted by ______ and cause _______. |
|
Definition
| Plasma (produced in liver) / Endothelial |
|
|
Term
| prostaglandins and leukotrienes are derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AA mediators (eicosanoids) are synthesized by |
|
Definition
| cyclooxygenases (which generate prostaglandins) and lipoxygenases (which produce leukotrienes and lipoxins) |
|
|
Term
| COX-1 is ____ expressed and COX-2 is _____. |
|
Definition
| constituitively expressed/ inducible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a potent platelet-aggregating agent and vasoconstrictor |
|
|
Term
| PGI2 (prostacyclin), PGE1, PGE2, and PGD2 promote |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase vascular permeability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promote chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion |
|
|
Term
| COX-1 ______ , whereas COX-2 ______. |
|
Definition
| generates prostaglandins that are involved in both inflammation and homeostatic functions/ generates prostaglandins that are involved only in inflammatory reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platelet aggregation, PAF causes vasoconstriction and bronchoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| NO acts in inflammation to |
|
Definition
| relax vascular smooth muscle and promotes vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ____ are the major cytoines of inflammation that stimulate expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and secretion of other cytokines with systemic effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL-6 is a ___ phase reactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemokines are produced by _____. |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, mast cells. |
|
|
Term
| IL-12 is produced by ____ and causes _____. |
|
Definition
| Dendritic cells, macrophages / Increased production of IFN-γ |
|
|
Term
| IFN-γ is produced by ____ and causes _____. |
|
Definition
| T lymphocytes, NK cells / Activation of macrophages (increased ability to kill microbes and tumor cells) |
|
|
Term
| IL-17 is produced by ____ and causes _____. |
|
Definition
| T lymphocytes / Recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes |
|
|
Term
| C-X-C chemokines act primarily on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C-C chemokines generally attract |
|
Definition
| monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and lymphocytes but not neutrophils. |
|
|
Term
| The C chemokines (e.g., lymphotactin) are relatively specific for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CX3C chemokines promote strong adhesion of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lysosomal granules are found in _____ and promote ____ |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils and monocytes / inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| Neuropeptides such as substance P and neurokinin A are secreted by ______ and play a role in _____ |
|
Definition
| sensory nerves and various leukocytes / the initiation and propagation of an inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| The complements system consists of _____ and functions in ______. |
|
Definition
| consists of more than 20 proteins, some of which are numbered C1 through C9 / both innate and adaptive immunity for defense against microbial pathogens |
|
|
Term
| The classical pathway is triggered by |
|
Definition
| fixation of C1 to antibody (IgM or IgG) that has combined with antigen |
|
|
Term
| the alternative pathway is triggered by |
|
Definition
| microbial surface molecules (e.g., endotoxin, or LPS), complex polysaccharides, cobra venom, and other substances, in the absence of antibody |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasma mannose-binding lectin binds to carbohydrates on microbes and directly activates C1 |
|
|
Term
| The common step in complement activation is ________. |
|
Definition
| C3 convertase. C3b becomes attached to the cell being activated. |
|
|
Term
| The C5a and C3a effectors cause |
|
Definition
| destruction of microbes by leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Kallikrein cleaves ____ , ____and ____. |
|
Definition
| HMWK to Bradykinin / C5 to C5a / Plasminogen to Plasmin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Factor XII (Hageman Factor) activated? |
|
Definition
| contact with negative surfaces |
|
|
Term
| Factor XIIa activates ____ which cleaves ____. |
|
Definition
| XII / Prekallikrein to Kallikrein |
|
|
Term
| The binding of the PAR receptor by thrombin induces ______. |
|
Definition
| mobilization of P-selectin; production of chemokines and other cytokines; expression of endothelial adhesion molecules for leukocyte integrins; induction of cyclooxygenase-2 and production of prostaglandins; production of PAF and NO; and changes in endothelial shape |
|
|
Term
| Facot XIIa induces clot formation by |
|
Definition
| producing Thrombin to cleave Firinogen to Fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, and pain when injected into the skin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of Kalikrein on Hageman factor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does XIIa activate the fibrinolytic system? |
|
Definition
| by cleaving plasminogen to plasmin |
|
|
Term
| Mediators of Vasodilation are: |
|
Definition
Prostaglandins
Nitric oxide
Histamine |
|
|
Term
| Mediators of Increased vascular permeability are: |
|
Definition
Histamine and serotonin
C3a and C5a (by liberating vasoactive amines from mast cells, other cells)
Bradykinin
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4
PAF
Substance P |
|
|
Term
| Mediators of Chemotaxis, leukocyte recruitment and activation are: |
|
Definition
TNF, IL-1
Chemokines
C3a, C5a
Leukotriene B4
(Bacterial products, e.g., N-formyl methyl peptides) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mediators of Tissue damage are: |
|
Definition
Lysosomal enzymes of leukocytes
Reactive oxygen species
Nitric oxide |
|
|
Term
| The outcomes of acute inflammation are |
|
Definition
| complete resolution, healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis), progression to chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| The morphologic hallmarks of all acute inflammatory reactions are |
|
Definition
| dilation of small blood vessels, slowing of blood flow, and accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue |
|
|
Term
| Serous inflammation is marked by |
|
Definition
| he outpouring of a thin fluid that may be derived from the plasma or from the secretions of mesothelial cells lining the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. Accumulation of fluid in these cavities is called an effusion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing (shedding) of inflamed necrotic tissue |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 causes of chronic inflammation. |
|
Definition
| persistant infections, immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents |
|
|
Term
| Acute inflammation is characterized by _____ and chronic inflammation is characterized by _____. |
|
Definition
| vascular changes, edema, and predominantly neutrophilic infiltration / Infiltration with mononuclear cells (which include macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells), tissue destruction, and attempts at healing by connective tissue replacement of damaged tissue |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages are a component of the _____ which consists of ____. |
|
Definition
| The mononuclear phagocyte system (sometimes called reticuloendothelial system) consists of closely related cells of bone marrow origin, including blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages of the liver are ___, spleen and lymph nodesare ____, lungs are ____, and central nervous system are _____. |
|
Definition
| Kupffer cells / sinus histiocytes / alveolar macrophages / microglia |
|
|
Term
| The half-life of blood monocytes is about _____, whereas the life span of tissue macrophages is _____. |
|
Definition
| 1 day / several months or years. |
|
|
Term
| When a monocyte reaches the extravascular tissue, it undergoes transformation into a larger phagocytic cell, the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IL-4 stimulates tissue macrophages to ____. |
|
Definition
| Repair with growth factors (PDGF, FGF, TGF-Beta), fibrogenic cytokines, angiogenic factors (FGF), and remodelling collagenases. |
|
|
Term
| Microbes and IFN-Gamma stimulate tissue macrophages to ____. |
|
Definition
| Inflammation and tissue injury via ROS, proteases, cytoines, chemokines, coagulation factors, and AA metabolites. |
|
|
Term
| In addition to macrophages, other cells of chronic inflammation include: |
|
Definition
| lymphocytes (T and B cells), plasma cells, eosinophils, and mast cells |
|
|
Term
| ___ present antigens to cytokines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ recruit neutrophils and macrophages. |
|
Definition
| TNF, IL-17, and chemokines |
|
|
Term
| What can cause granulomatous tissue inflammation? |
|
Definition
| TB, Leprosy, Syphillis, Cat-scratch disease, Sarcoidosis, and Crohn's Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a focus of chronic inflammation consisting of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages that are transformed into epithelium-like cells, surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
| The systemic effects of inflammation are ______. |
|
Definition
| fever, acute-phase proteins, leukocytosis, increased BP and HR. |
|
|
Term
| Fever is produced in respone to ____. |
|
Definition
| substances called pyrogens that act by stimulating prostaglandin synthesis in the vascular and perivascular cells of the hypothalamus. |
|
|
Term
| NSAIDs, including aspirin, reduce fever by |
|
Definition
| nhibiting prostaglandin synthesis |
|
|
Term
| ________ bind to microbial cell walls, and may act as opsonins and fix complement. |
|
Definition
| acute-phase proteins, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A (SAA) protein |
|
|
Term
| Leukopenia is encountered in |
|
Definition
| typhoid fever, patients debilitated by disseminated cancer, rampant tuberculosis, or severe alcoholism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus of chronic inflammation consisting of a microscopic aggregation of macrophages that are transformed into epithelium-like cells, surrounded by a collar of mononuclear leukocytes |
|
|
