Term
| give some examples of reversible cell damage |
|
Definition
cell swelling (due to ATP and pump failure)
fatty change: lipid vacolules in cytoplasm, phospholipid rich amorphous densities) |
|
|
Term
| what is the major pathway of cell death, give the 3 main causes of it |
|
Definition
necrosis
decreased ATP, membrane damage, always pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 cell changes that tell you there is necrosis |
|
Definition
eosinophillia and other immune cells
glassy homogenous appearance
vacoulated cytoplasm
zebra bodies
changes in nucleus and its staining
leaking cell |
|
|
Term
| what is eosinophillia, what process is it associated with, what does it do to the cell, how can we get evidence of it |
|
Definition
found in necrosis
increased binding of eosin to denature proteins
decreases nucleic acids
less blue, more pink in staining |
|
|
Term
| during necrosis, what appearnce does the cytoplasm take on, why (2 changes) |
|
Definition
glassy homogeneous due to increased glycogen
vacoulated due to loss of organells |
|
|
Term
| what are zebra bodies, when do they occur, how do they hurt the cell, aka |
|
Definition
aka myelin finers
phospholipids derived from damaged cell membrane that appear in necrosis
can be phagocytosed by other cells and made into FA residues which turn into calcification of the dead cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 changes to the nucleus in a necrosis cell |
|
Definition
pyknsis: nuclear shrinkage and basophillia
karyorrhexis: pyknotic nucleus with fragmentation
karyolysis: fading due to DNAases digesting DNA. nuclei shrivvles and shows less pink or dissapears
after 1-2 days nucleus dissapears
endonucleases cut DNA into millions of pieces of different sizes |
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|
Term
| what are the 7 patterns of necrosis |
|
Definition
| coagulative, liquefacitive, gangremous, caseous, fat/calcification, fibrinoid |
|
|
Term
| coagulative necrosis: morphology (4) |
|
Definition
| firm texture, tissue architecture maintained for several days, eosinophilic cells, anucleate cells |
|
|
Term
| coagulative necrosis: seen in what diseases (2) |
|
Definition
infarcts (except brain)
gangrene of organs |
|
|
Term
| liquefactive necrosis: morphology (4) |
|
Definition
| viscous mass, puss if acute, inflammatory cells, digestion of cells |
|
|
Term
| liquefactive necrosis: diseases (4) |
|
Definition
bacterial and fungal infections
brain infarcts
stroke |
|
|
Term
| gangrenous necrosis: morphology (4) |
|
Definition
| firm texture, may be modified by liquefication if infection superimposed, type of coagulative necrosis involving many tissue layers, bacteria may be visible |
|
|
Term
| gangrenous necrosis: diseases (2) |
|
Definition
loss of blood supply in limbs
wet gangrene if superimposed with bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| caseous necrosis: morphology (3) |
|
Definition
loss of tissue architecture
enclosed with inflammatory border (granuloma: flattened monocytes walling it off)
cheese like |
|
|
Term
| caseous necrosis: diseases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fat necrosis: morphology (5) |
|
Definition
focal areas of fat distribution
fat saponification (chalky white areas of Ca)
necrotic fat cells
basophillic calcium deposits
inflammatory reaction |
|
|
Term
| fat necrosis: diseases (2) |
|
Definition
acute pancreatitis
necrosis in breast tissue from trauma busting open fat cells that liberate FA to bind to Ca |
|
|
Term
| fibrnoid necrosis: morphology |
|
Definition
| immune complexes and fibrin create bright pink deposits |
|
|
Term
| fibrnoid necrosis; diseases |
|
Definition
| immunologic reactions in blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA or protein damage
normal function in development
sometimes pathologic
growth factor deprivation
accumulatedmis-folded proteins
self-reactive lymphocytes
cytotoxic T lymphocytes irritation |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of apoptosis (4) |
|
Definition
cell directs its own destruction
cel dosent leak it makes apoptotic bodies, enzymes are contained
endonucleases chop DNA in an organized fashion
very esoinophillic cytoplasm
NO inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways to regulate apoptosis |
|
Definition
mitochondrial intrinsic pathway
death receptor extrinsic pathway |
|
|
Term
| explain the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis |
|
Definition
cell injuyr > apoptotic proteins > BCL-2 family sensors activated > BCL-2 family effectors (Bax, Bak) bind poorly to mitochondrial membrane causing...
A. cytochrome C initiates capsases adaptor protein Apaf-1, executioner capsases turned on and break down cytoskeleton and activate endonucleases
B. pro-apoptotic proteins turn on executioner capsases and break down cytoskeleton and activate endonucleases |
|
|
Term
| explain teh death receptor pathway |
|
Definition
| FAS/TNF/CD8 ligand interaction triggers death domain receptors activating adaptor proteins which turn on procapsases which turn on executioner capsases which break down the cytoskeleton and activate endonucleases |
|
|
Term
| explain how a capsase works |
|
Definition
| cysteine protease cleaves aspartic acid |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 components of agine |
|
Definition
| telomeres, calories, oxygen utilization, insulin |
|
|
Term
| what is a telomere, how is it involved in aging |
|
Definition
self tandem repeates of G rich 2-26 bp
when they shorten they cause genetic instability leading to senesence and death |
|
|
Term
| why aernt telomeres shortened all the time |
|
Definition
| because proteins protect them, help them avoid DSB repair mechanisms, and prevent NHEJ |
|
|
Term
| why aernt telomeres making proteins |
|
Definition
| because in cells they are protected by proteins to stop erosion which also stopps genetic machines |
|
|
Term
| what conditions have been associated with telomere shortening |
|
Definition
coronary artery disease
premature MI
infection
insulin dependent diabetes
smokers
stress |
|
|
Term
| werner's syndrome: cause, results |
|
Definition
RecQ helicase mutation breaks telomere secondary structure shortening it early
causes genetic instability and increased aging, suseptability to cancer usually leads to death |
|
|
Term
| dyskeratosis congenita: how is it aquired, explain how this makes the disease process different |
|
Definition
x-linked: mutation in dyskerin which binds telomerase RNA template
autosomal dominant inheritance: telomerase RNA template mutation |
|
|
Term
| dyskeratosis congenita symptoms |
|
Definition
| premature gray hair, dental loss, bone marrow failure which often leads to infection and death, skin disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutation interrupts genetic stability leading to aging |
|
|
Term
| hutchinson-gilford: cause, results |
|
Definition
mutation in lamin A protein of the nuclear scaffolding
children die at ages 2-21 from athlerosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| how can calorie deprivation lead to aging |
|
Definition
enhances activity ot situins
prevents accumulation of methylglyoxal |
|
|
Term
| what is sirtuins, what does it do, how does this have to do with aging |
|
Definition
NAD dependent decaylator of proteins that activate DNA repair enzymes and mess up telomeres
feeding promotes NADH production and takes away NAD, calorie restriction increases NAD build up and thus telomere damage |
|
|
Term
| what is methylglyoxal, how is it made, what does it do |
|
Definition
glycating agent made from spontaneous decomposition of DHAP and G3P
results in advanced glycosulation end products
forms adducts with growth factor receptors
causes mito dysfunction and ROS |
|
|
Term
| what does increased oxygen utilization do to aging |
|
Definition
| supresses age related changes because it means mito is working good and no ROS are made and NADH are made so no NAD is buildig up |
|
|
Term
| how is insulin involved in aging |
|
Definition
| insulin receptors down signaling regulates sirtuins and autophagy (removing of damaged organells) |
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