Term
| What's the leading global cause of health loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the 5 preventable conditions responsible for 70% of child deaths. |
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Definition
| pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and neonatal infections |
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Term
| How is ground-level ozone formed? |
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Definition
| when volatile hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen interact with sunlight in the atmosphere |
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Term
| What is the usual source of sulfur dioxide? |
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Definition
| burning coal (later converted to sulfuric acid, which may cause respiratory tract irritation and may induce asthma attacks) |
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Term
| At what CO Hb saturation does death typically follow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carcinogenic substances are found particularly in wood smoke? |
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Definition
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Term
| Radon is a radioactive gas derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does lead produce neurotoxic effects? |
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Definition
| lead competes chemically with calcium and iron/disruption of calcium homeostasis inhibitis neurotransmitters, causing neurotoxic effects |
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Term
| Contaminated fish is likely to contain what type of mercury? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterize the mechanism of toxicity of arsenic? |
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Definition
| interferes with oxidative phosphorylation; trivalent arsenic replaces phosphates in ATP |
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Term
| What organs are most susceptible to arsenic poisoning? |
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Definition
| The lungs and skin (get skin cancers in non-sun exposed areas) |
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Term
| What are 2 potentially serious adverse effects of benzene toxicity? |
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Definition
| marrow aplasia and acute myeloid leukemia |
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Term
| What hormone property do organochlorines have? |
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Definition
| they are anti-estrogenic/anti-androgenic endocrine disrupters |
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Term
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Definition
| Dioxin poisoning condition characterized by acne, cysts, hyperpigmentation, and hyperkeratosis |
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Term
| Vinyl chloride monomers used to make polyvinyl resins have been linked to what disease? |
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Definition
| angiosarcoma of the liver |
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Term
| What can phthalates do to lab animals? |
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Definition
| (used as plasticizers), they can cause endocrine disruption |
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Term
| Why is nicotine addictive? |
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Definition
| It binds to receptors in brain and causes the release of catecholamines |
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Term
| How can we quantify environmental tobacco smoke? |
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Definition
| We measure cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine |
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Term
| What's the potential positive feedback loop that can arise as a result of climate change? |
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Definition
| Decreased ice cap coverage can result in more absorption of solar energy, more evaporation leading to increased atmospheric water vapor (a greenhouse gas) |
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Term
| If there was malnutrition due to climate change, where would it be likely to arise? |
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Definition
| in the tropics where temperatures are already near crop tolerance levels |
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Term
| What is the most important phase I enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the burning of coal induce asthma attacks? |
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Definition
| the burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide, converted to sulfuric acid; the acid irritates the respiratory lining and causes the asthma attacks |
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Term
| Regarding air pollution, why are particulates smaller than 10 microns the most harmful? |
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Definition
| They can be phagocytized by alveolar macrophages, setting an inflammatory reaction |
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Term
| What are the morphological changes to the CNS after systemic hypoxia? |
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Definition
| cerebral edema, punctate hemorrhages, hypoxia-induced neuronal changes |
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Term
| What is the typical maximum limit of lead allowed for adults? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when lead is absorbed by the body and how long does it stay there? |
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Definition
| 80% is incorporated into the bone and teeth/ half-life of 20 to 30 years |
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Term
| What two changes represent the definitive diagnosis of lead toxicity? |
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Definition
| elevated blood levels of lead and elevated levels of protoporphyrin |
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Term
| What notable effect does lead have on the kidneys? |
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Definition
| It decreases uric acid excretion, causing "saturnine" gout |
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Term
| What type of mercury is found in dental amalgams? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ systems are most vulnerable to arsenic toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the dermatological effects of arsenic toxicity? |
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Definition
| squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin/ cancers on the palms and soles |
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Term
| What organ is predominantly affected by cadmium toxicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| At low levels, what kind of toxicity do we get from organic solvents? |
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Definition
| liver and kidney toxicity |
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Term
| Name two examples of organochlorines that are still available? |
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Definition
| lindane- pesticides, dioxins-combustion/manufacturing (DDT and polychlorinated biphenyls are banned) |
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Term
| What's the basis of the breath test for alcohol intoxication? |
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Definition
| Ethanol is absorbed unchanged, and 10% is excreted in the hair, sweat, and breath |
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Term
| At what blood alcohol level can we potentially be dealing with coma and/or respiratory arrest? |
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Definition
| 300 mg/dL (Chronic Alcoholics can tolerate up to 700 mg/dL) |
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Term
| What is induced up to 5-10x normal in chronic alcoholics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two major cardiovascular effects are associated with alcohol abuse? |
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Definition
| hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy |
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Term
| What happens if only estrogen is used post menopause as HRT? |
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Definition
| there is increased risk of endometrial cancer |
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Term
| What adverse effects and protective effects did the Women's Health Initiative Study uncover on HRT? |
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Definition
| in the first 2 years, increased risk of venous thromboembolism/ increased risk of breast cancer after 5-8 yrs/ decreased risk of CHD for those under 60 |
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Term
| What effect does prolonged used of OC's have on the liver? |
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Definition
| hepatic adenoma formation |
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Term
| What are the premature effets of steroids common to both males and females? |
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Definition
| premature MI, hepatic cholestasis, and increased psychiatric problems |
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Term
| 50% of cases of acute liver failure are due to overuse of what substance? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the majority of acetaminophen get detoxified? |
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Definition
| By phase II conjugation enzymes |
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Term
| What's the function of glutathione with respect to acetaminophen? |
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Definition
| Small portion of acetaminophen metabolized to highly reactive NAQPI/ glutathione neutralizes that metabolite |
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Term
| What is a toxic dose of acetaminophen? |
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Definition
| 15-25 gm (maximum allowable each day- 4 g) |
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Term
| What are the fatal dosages of aspirin in adults and children? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the genral progression of symptoms in aspirin toxicity? |
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Definition
| initial respiratroy alkalosis due to direct stimulation of the respiratory center; shift to metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap |
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Term
| What is involved in aspirin analgesic nephropathy? |
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Definition
| tubulo-interstitial nephritis with papillary necrosis |
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Term
| What distinguishes a partial thickenss burn from a full thickness burn? |
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Definition
the former involves only the dermis/ the latter involves the subcutaneous tissue
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Term
| What's the morphology of the skin in a partial-thickness burn? |
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Definition
| pink or mottled, blisters, painful |
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Term
| What's the morphology of the skin in a full-thickness burn? |
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Definition
| dry, white, or charred/ anesthetic as nerve endings are shot |
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Term
| Microsocopic evaluation of a burn injury typically reveals what? |
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Definition
| coagulative necrosis/ inflammation and edema in adjacent normal tissue |
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Term
| What's the genetic basis for malignant hyperthermia? |
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Definition
| mutation in RYR1 receptor |
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Term
| What are the key differences between trench foot and frostbite hypothermia? |
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Definition
| in trench foot, vasoconstriction develops slowly and vascular permeability/edema develop early--> end result being gangrene; in frosbite injury, vasoconstriction develops early and vascular permeability/edema develop after foot is rewarmed |
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Term
| Name four examples of non-ionizing radiation? |
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Definition
| UV, infrared, microwave, and sound (cause the molecules to vibrate and gain heat) |
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Term
| How does the Sievert unit relate to the Gray unit? |
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Definition
| equivalent dose (Sievert) corresponds to the absorbed dose (Gray) multiplied by relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation |
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Term
| What are the key hematopoietic effects of radiation in different tissues? |
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Definition
| lymphopenia (first change), thrombocytopenia, bone marrow hypoplasia |
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Term
| In Kwashiokor, what happens to the subcutaneous fat and skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| They are relatively spared |
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Term
| What's the appearance of the integument in Kwashiokor? |
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Definition
| "flaky pain" skin appearance with peeling and variable pigmentation/ hair has variable pigmentation/loss of color |
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Term
| How does the fatty liver occur in Kwashiorkor? |
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Definition
| There is decreased synthesis of apoplipoproteins that help transport the lipids |
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Term
| What's the difference between the basal metabolic rate in starvation and in cachexia? |
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Definition
| It is increased in cachexia |
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Term
| What is the function of adiponectin? |
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Definition
| is a "fat-burning molecule" that promotes fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle |
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Term
| What hormone produced by the stomach acts on the hypothalamus, rising before meals to promote appetite? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone is secreted by endocrine cells in ileum and colon and is similar in function to leptin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Above a BMI of 25, both men and women have an increased risk of what type of cancers? |
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Definition
| adenocarcinoma of esophagus and of kidney cancers |
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Term
| How does a low fiber diet lead to cancer, potentially? |
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Definition
| diet high in animal fats/low fiber can increase level of bile acids in gut, which modifies intestinal flora/such flora can convert bile acid to carcinogens |
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